परिभाषा के अनुसार, सेवेंट (Savant) वह व्यक्ति होता है जिसके पास कोई विकलांगता होती है, और उस विकलांगता के साथ-साथ उसमें कोई असाधारण प्रतिभा भी होती है। कौतुक (Prodigies) और जीनियस लोगों में वे असाधारण क्षमताएँ होती हैं जो सेवेंट में दिखती हैं, लेकिन उनमें कोई विकलांगता नहीं होती। इसलिए, परिभाषा के अनुसार, सेवेंट में विकलांगता से ग्रसित व्यक्ति शामिल होता है, जबकि कौतुक या जीनियस वे लोग होते हैं जिनमें ये असाधारण कौशल तो होते हैं लेकिन कोई विकलांगता नहीं होती।
A savant, by definition, is somebody who has a disability and, along with that disability, has some remarkable ability. Prodigies and geniuses have the remarkable abilities that the savant shows, but they do not have a disability. So, by definition, a savant includes someone with a disability, and a prodigy or genius are people who have these remarkable skills but they do not have a disability.
A savant, by definition, is somebody who has a disability and, along with that disability, has some remarkable ability. Prodigies and geniuses have the remarkable abilities that the savant shows, but they do not have a disability. So, by definition, a savant includes someone with a disability, and a prodigy or genius are people who have these remarkable skills but they do not have a disability.
जहाँ तक इस बात का सवाल है कि कुछ अधिग्रहित सेवेंट (acquired savants) संगीत में क्यों अच्छे होते हैं, कुछ कलाओं में और कुछ गणित में, और वे सभी एक जैसे क्यों नहीं होते; मुझे लगता है कि इसका संबंध उस आनुवंशिक उपहार से है जो हम सभी के पास होता है।
With respect to why some acquired savants are musical, and some are good at the arts, and some are mathematical, why aren't they all the same; I think that has to do with this genetic endowment that all of us have.
With respect to why some acquired savants are musical, and some are good at the arts, and some are mathematical, why aren't they all the same; I think that has to do with this genetic endowment that all of us have.
शोध में बुद्धिमत्ता की शुरुआत यहीं से होती है कि चीजों को उनके सही नामों से पुकारा जाए।
The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their right names in research.
The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their right names in research.
मुझे लगता है कि सेवेंट सिंड्रोम और ऑटिज्म मस्तिष्क की संरचना के विकार नहीं हैं, बल्कि ये मस्तिष्क के कार्य करने के विकार (disorders of function) हैं।
Savant syndrome and autism, I think, are not disorders of brain structure, but they're disorders of brain function.
Savant syndrome and autism, I think, are not disorders of brain structure, but they're disorders of brain function.
अब मुझे यह अहसास हो गया है और मैं यह स्वीकार करता हूँ कि मस्तिष्क के दाएं और बाएं हिस्से (right brain/left brain) का अंतर एक बहुत बड़ा अतिसरलीकरण है। हमारा मस्तिष्क साफ-सुथरे तरीके से दाएं और बाएं गोलार्द्धों में बंटा हुआ नहीं होता, लेकिन सच्चाई यह है कि मस्तिष्क के दोनों गोलार्द्ध कुछ खास कार्यों में ज़रूर विशेषज्ञता रखते हैं।
Now I realize, and I acknowledge, that the right brain/left brain distinction is a tremendous oversimplification. We don't come neatly divided into right and left hemispheres, but the fact is that the two hemispheres of the brain do specialize in certain functions.
Now I realize, and I acknowledge, that the right brain/left brain distinction is a tremendous oversimplification. We don't come neatly divided into right and left hemispheres, but the fact is that the two hemispheres of the brain do specialize in certain functions.
सेवेंट सिंड्रोम ऑटिज्म या डिमेंशिया (भूलने की बीमारी) की तरह कोई विकार नहीं है। सेवेंट सिंड्रोम कुछ ऐसी स्थितियाँ हैं जो किसी अंतर्निहित विकलांगता के ऊपर से आरोपित (superimposed) होती हैं। इसलिए सेवेंट सिंड्रोम अपने आप में कोई बीमारी या विकार नहीं है। यह विशेषताओं, लक्षणों या व्यवहारों का एक ऐसा संग्रह है जो किसी अंतर्निहित विकलांगता पर जड़ दिया गया है।
Savant syndrome is not a disorder in the same way as autism is a disorder or dementia is a disorder. Savant syndrome are some conditions that are superimposed and grafted on to some underlying disability. So savant syndrome is not a disease or disorder in and of itself. It is a collection of characteristics, or symptoms, or behaviors that have grafted on to the underlying disability.
Savant syndrome is not a disorder in the same way as autism is a disorder or dementia is a disorder. Savant syndrome are some conditions that are superimposed and grafted on to some underlying disability. So savant syndrome is not a disease or disorder in and of itself. It is a collection of characteristics, or symptoms, or behaviors that have grafted on to the underlying disability.
जब आप पहली बार साइकिल चलाना सीखते हैं, तो आप अपना संतुलन बनाए रखने और एक पैडल को दूसरे के आगे रखने पर बहुत ध्यान देते हैं, और अचानक से, आह, आपको समझ आ जाता है, हाँ, मैं सीख गया। और यह स्कीइंग (skiing) के साथ भी सच है, या फिर हर तरह की चीज़ों पर लागू होता है।
When you first try to learn to ride a bike, you work very carefully at keeping your balance, and trying to keep one pedal in front of the other, and all that, and all of a sudden, ah, you know, I got it. And that's true of skiing, or it's true of all kinds of things.
When you first try to learn to ride a bike, you work very carefully at keeping your balance, and trying to keep one pedal in front of the other, and all that, and all of a sudden, ah, you know, I got it. And that's true of skiing, or it's true of all kinds of things.
जब मैं 1962 में अपने पहले सेवेंट से मिला, तो मैं गंभीर रूप से विकलांग उन बच्चों की क्षमताओं से बहुत प्रभावित हुआ था। विकलांगता के महासागर में वे मुझे प्रतिभा के द्वीपों जैसे लगे थे। इसलिए मैंने उस समय से अपनी उस मानसिक छवि को बनाए रखा है—प्रतिभा के वे द्वीप जो देखने में बहुत हैरान करने वाले और झकझोर देने वाले होते हैं, खासकर तब जब आप उन्हें ऐसे लोगों में देखते हैं जो गंभीर रूप से विकलांग होते हैं।
When I met my first savant in 1962, I was impressed by the abilities in these youngsters who had severe disabilities. They appeared to me to be islands of genius in the sea of disability. So I've maintained that word picture since that time, of these islands of genius that are so striking and so jarring when you see them, especially in people who have severe disability.
When I met my first savant in 1962, I was impressed by the abilities in these youngsters who had severe disabilities. They appeared to me to be islands of genius in the sea of disability. So I've maintained that word picture since that time, of these islands of genius that are so striking and so jarring when you see them, especially in people who have severe disability.
सेवेंट सिंड्रोम में आमतौर पर बाएं गोलार्द्ध की कार्यक्षमता में कमी के साथ-साथ दाएं गोलार्द्ध का उभार शामिल होता है, और सेवेंट में आप मूल रूप से दाएं मस्तिष्क के कौशल ही देखते हैं।
Savant syndrome, characteristically, consists of left hemisphere dysfunction coupled with right hemisphere emergence, and what you see in the savant are basically right brain skills.
Savant syndrome, characteristically, consists of left hemisphere dysfunction coupled with right hemisphere emergence, and what you see in the savant are basically right brain skills.
अब हम 'सामान्य' शब्द का इस्तेमाल नहीं कर सकते क्योंकि यह राजनीतिक रूप से गलत माना जाने लगा है, क्योंकि सामान्य होने का मतलब किसी का वर्गीकरण करना, श्रेणियाँ बनाना और लोगों को बाहर करना आदि है। इसलिए 'न्यूरोटिपिकल' (neurotypical) वह शब्द है जिसका उपयोग अब हमें उस चीज़ के लिए करना पड़ता है जिसे मैं सामान्य व्यवहार कहता हूँ। न्यूरोटिपिकल व्यवहार सामान्य मानवीय आचरण के दायरे में आने वाले वे व्यवहार हैं जो किसी विकार के स्तर तक नहीं पहुँचते।
We can't use the word normal anymore because it's sort of come to be politically incorrect, because normal implies a classification, and categorizations, and exclusions, and so forth. So neurotypical is the word that we now have to use for what I call normal behavior. Neurotypical behaviors are those kinds of behaviors within the range of usual human conduct that do not rise to the level of a disorder.
We can't use the word normal anymore because it's sort of come to be politically incorrect, because normal implies a classification, and categorizations, and exclusions, and so forth. So neurotypical is the word that we now have to use for what I call normal behavior. Neurotypical behaviors are those kinds of behaviors within the range of usual human conduct that do not rise to the level of a disorder.
हमने कई ऐसी चीजों को चिकित्सीय रूप दे दिया है (medicalized) जो मेरी राय में असल में कोई चिकित्सीय स्थिति नहीं हैं।
We have medicalized a lot of things that I think are not really medical conditions.
We have medicalized a lot of things that I think are not really medical conditions.
जरuri nahi ki har woh vyakti jiske paas koi vishesh pratibha ho, use genius hi maana jaye।
Not everyone who has a savant skill I would equate with a genius.
Not everyone who has a savant skill I would equate with a genius.
माता-पिता को इस from se koi matlab nahi hota ki bache ko early infantile autism hai ya koi aur medical label lagaya gaya hai। Woh toh bas yeh chahte hain ki unke bache ka ilaj ho aur jo bhi uske liye sabse behtar ho, woh kiya jaye. Aur jab baat ilaj ki aati hai, toh isse koi fark nahi padta ki hum use kya naam de rahe hain, balki kai tareeqe sabke liye ek jaise hi upyogi hote hain।
Parents don't particularly care whether it's early infantile autism or whatever label the clinicians have put on it. All they want is treatment, and they want what's best for their child, whatever that is. And when it comes to treatment, it may be that there's much more shared interventions that don't make any difference what label we're putting on it.
Parents don't particularly care whether it's early infantile autism or whatever label the clinicians have put on it. All they want is treatment, and they want what's best for their child, whatever that is. And when it comes to treatment, it may be that there's much more shared interventions that don't make any difference what label we're putting on it.
Humme se aksar log apni zindagi ke shuruati daur mein hi apne career mein itne ulajh jaate hain ki hum apni doosri ruchi, yani ki parallel activities ki talash nahi karte. Zaroorat ke tahat hum kamate hain, apna waqt lagate hain, apna resume banate hain, aur chahte hain ki hamara resume hamare kshetr ki maharat ko dikhaye kyunki aage chalkar humein usi kshetr mein doosri naukri ke liye aavedan karna padta hai. Isliye hum aksar in alag shaukon ko tab tak taal dete hain jab ya toh hum bahut safal ho kar itna waqt pa lete hain ya phir aksar retirement ke baad hi unhe waqt dete hain।
We should probably start searching around a little earlier in our lives for what I call parallel activities, because most of us get entrenched in our careers. And, of necessity, we're earning a living, and it's taking our time, and we're building our résumé, and we want our résumé generally to be our proficiency within our field, because chances are we're going to be applying for another position within the field. So we tend to put off a lot of this sort of what I call parallel discovery until we're either very successful and have the time to do that, or more often until we're retired.
We should probably start searching around a little earlier in our lives for what I call parallel activities, because most of us get entrenched in our careers. And, of necessity, we're earning a living, and it's taking our time, and we're building our résumé, and we want our résumé generally to be our proficiency within our field, because chances are we're going to be applying for another position within the field. So we tend to put off a lot of this sort of what I call parallel discovery until we're either very successful and have the time to do that, or more often until we're retired.
Kabhi-kabhi zindagi ke safar mein, kaam karte-karte log apne purvajon ki talash shuru kar dete hain aur family history mein itni dilchaspi lene lagte hain ki unka woh shauk unki ek badi pehchan ban jata hai. Lekin mera manna hai ki hamein apne in doosre shaukon aur dilchaspiyon ko talashne ke liye itna lamba intezaar nahi karna chahiye, aur unhe be-matlab samajhne ki bajaye thoda gambheirta se lena chahiye, unpar apna waqt, urja aur yahan tak ki thoda paisa bhi kharch karna chahiye।
Sometimes along the way, when people are actively working, they will start to do a search for their roots and maybe get really interested in ancestry and become very good at what was just a hobby. But I think that we shouldn't wait quite that long to develop and look for those parallel interests of ours and not sometimes see them as frivolous and take them a little more seriously, and spend some time and energy and maybe even capital in pursuing them.
Sometimes along the way, when people are actively working, they will start to do a search for their roots and maybe get really interested in ancestry and become very good at what was just a hobby. But I think that we shouldn't wait quite that long to develop and look for those parallel interests of ours and not sometimes see them as frivolous and take them a little more seriously, and spend some time and energy and maybe even capital in pursuing them.
Agar mujhe autism par apni marzi ki koi bhi research karne ka mauka mile, toh is waqt main classic early infantile autism se peedit kuch logon ka sample loonga aur unki tulna un logon se karunga jise main "classic late onset autism" kehta hoon. Mujhe lagta hai ki hum yeh payenge ki jin bachon ko janm se hi autism hai, unke karan un bachon se alag hain jinhein yeh samasya umar badhne par hoti hai।
I think that if I could do any sort of research of autism that I wanted to do, at this point I would take a sample of classic, early infantile autism persons and compare them with what I call "classic late onset autism", individuals. I think we will find that the cause of those youngsters with autism who have autism from birth is probably different than those who have late onset autism.
I think that if I could do any sort of research of autism that I wanted to do, at this point I would take a sample of classic, early infantile autism persons and compare them with what I call "classic late onset autism", individuals. I think we will find that the cause of those youngsters with autism who have autism from birth is probably different than those who have late onset autism.
Kisi na kisi roop mein hum sabhi mein kuch na kuch alag adatein ya swabhav ki visheshnayein hoti hain, aur kuch genius log apni tej buddhi aur focus ke chalte thode alag swabhav ke ho sakte hain, lekin unka yeh pan aam taur par unke liye koi rukawat ya disability nahi banta।
To some extent, we all have quirks or idiosyncrasies, and some geniuses, because of how bright they are and how focused they are, may have liberal eccentricities, but they're not at a disabling level.
To some extent, we all have quirks or idiosyncrasies, and some geniuses, because of how bright they are and how focused they are, may have liberal eccentricities, but they're not at a disabling level.
Genysis jaisi bhi ek cheez hoti hai, aur aise log hote hain jinhein koi formal disability ya DSM-IV type ki samasya nahi hoti. Unke swabhav mein kuch alag pan ya vichitra adatein ho sakti hain, lekin woh kisi disability ke star tak nahi pahunchtiyan।
There is such a thing as genius, and these are people who do not have a formal disability, DSM-IV-type. They may have liberal eccentricities or quirks in their personality, but they don't rise to the level of a disability.
There is such a thing as genius, and these are people who do not have a formal disability, DSM-IV-type. They may have liberal eccentricities or quirks in their personality, but they don't rise to the level of a disability.
Syndrome shabd ka matlab aam taur par kisi vyakti ke andar paye jane wale milte-julte lakshno ya vyavhar ka ek samuh hota hai. Isliye, savants mein bhi lakshno ka ek aisa hi samuh paya jata hai, jismein kisi mool disability ke sath-sath koi behtareen hunar aur ek shaktishali yaaddasht judi hoti hai. Mere vichar se, yeh teeno sthitiyan 'syndrome' shabd ko poori tarah paribhashit karti hain।
The term syndrome generally appears to be a constellation, or collection, of similar traits or behaviors within an individual. So, savants do have sort of a constellation of symptoms, which is characterized by some spectacular skill, or skills, coupled with this massive memory which is grafted on to some underlying disability. So those three conditions quantify, in my mind, the term syndrome.
The term syndrome generally appears to be a constellation, or collection, of similar traits or behaviors within an individual. So, savants do have sort of a constellation of symptoms, which is characterized by some spectacular skill, or skills, coupled with this massive memory which is grafted on to some underlying disability. So those three conditions quantify, in my mind, the term syndrome.
Hota yeh hai ki hum mein se aksar log apne parivar aur kaam-kaaj mein itne vyast rehte hain (jo ki hona bhi chahiye), ki hum un cheezon par dhyan hi nahi dete jise main 'parallel interests' yaani doosre shauk kehta hoon, jo dheere-dheere hamare sath viksit hote hain. Kabhi-kabhi insaan sochta hai ki bhai, jab main super market se saste gajar khareed sakta hoon, toh main apna baag lagane mein apna itna waqt kyun barbad karun, aur woh aisi dilchaspiyon ko chhod deta hai।
What happens is most of us are so busy in our lives with our families and our vocation which we should be, but we tend not to look at what I call these parallel interests, and they develop along the way. And sometimes one can say, well, you know, why should I grow my own garden and spend all that time when I can buy carrots cheaper at the supermarket and just put aside that kind of an interest.
What happens is most of us are so busy in our lives with our families and our vocation which we should be, but we tend not to look at what I call these parallel interests, and they develop along the way. And sometimes one can say, well, you know, why should I grow my own garden and spend all that time when I can buy carrots cheaper at the supermarket and just put aside that kind of an interest.
Jab baat research ki aati hai, aur agar hum autism ka asli karan pata lagana chahte hain, toh hamein aur zyada specific hona padega. Isi liye jab research ki baat aati hai, toh main maapdandon (criteria) ke mamle mein kafi sakht hoon. Lekin jab ilaj ki baat aati hai, toh main is bhedbhav ko hatane ke liye zyada khule vicharon ka hoon।
When we come to research, if we want to find out the cause of autism, we're going to have to be much more specific, and that's why when it comes to research, I'm fairly strict with respect to criteria. When it comes to treatment, I'm much more open to not making that differentiation.
When we come to research, if we want to find out the cause of autism, we're going to have to be much more specific, and that's why when it comes to research, I'm fairly strict with respect to criteria. When it comes to treatment, I'm much more open to not making that differentiation.
Shuruat mein jab hum language disorder ki baat karte the, toh woh ek gambhir bhasha se judi samasya hoti thi. Yeh ek badi samasya hai, aur ilaaj ke nazariye se is shabd ke mayane ko thoda vyapak rakhna theek hai, lekin research ke liye hamein aur zyada sateek hona hoga. Kaash koi is zimmedari ko khud uthakar is par vishesh taur par kaam kare।
Originally when we talked about language disorder it was a catastrophic language disorder. It's substantial, and from a treatment standpoint it's okay to keep diluting that term, but from a research standpoint we need to be much more precise. I wish somebody would take up the mantle of just that particular task.
Originally when we talked about language disorder it was a catastrophic language disorder. It's substantial, and from a treatment standpoint it's okay to keep diluting that term, but from a research standpoint we need to be much more precise. I wish somebody would take up the mantle of just that particular task.
Autistic bachon ke mata-pitah ka shaikshik star (education level) aam taur par thoda upar paya jata hai, aur mujhe lagta hai ki yeh ek aisi baat hai jis par hamein gaur karne ki zaroorat hai।
There does seem to be a higher educational level in parents of autistic youngsters, and I guess that's something that we need to look into.
There does seem to be a higher educational level in parents of autistic youngsters, and I guess that's something that we need to look into.
Jin tarike se acquired savants (jinhe baad mein yeh hunar milta hai) samne aate hain, woh aksar unhi tareeqon se milte-julte hain jaise janmjat savant syndrome samne aata hai. Yeh log aam taur par unhi kshetron mein aage badhte hain: sangeet, kala, ganit, visual-spatial skills, aur calendar calculate karne ki kala, halanki calendar calculation shayad is group mein thoda kam dekhne ko mile. Yeh hunar achanak aur bahut tezi se ubhar kar samne aate hain aur inmein ek behad junooni aur taakatwar asar hota hai, bilkul waise hi jaise aam savant skills mein hota hai. Toh kul milakar yeh unhi same tareeqon se samne aate hain।
The ways in which acquired savants show up are usually the same ways that congenital, or non-acquired, savant syndrome shows up. They tend to show up in the same areas: music, art, math, visual, spatial skills, and calendar calculating, although calendar calculating probably isn't quite as prominent in that group. They tend to show up quite quickly, or sort of explode on the scene and they then tend to have an obsessive sort of forceful quality about them in the same way as savant skills. So they tend to show up in the same ways.
The ways in which acquired savants show up are usually the same ways that congenital, or non-acquired, savant syndrome shows up. They tend to show up in the same areas: music, art, math, visual, spatial skills, and calendar calculating, although calendar calculating probably isn't quite as prominent in that group. They tend to show up quite quickly, or sort of explode on the scene and they then tend to have an obsessive sort of forceful quality about them in the same way as savant skills. So they tend to show up in the same ways.
Mujhe lagta hai ki autism ki paribhasha ke sath ek diquat yeh hai ki hum iska daayra lagatar badhate ja rahe hain. Iski shuruat 'early infantile autism' se hui thi, phir yeh 'autism' bana, aur ab yeh 'autism spectrum disorder' ban chuka hai. Hamara nazariya vyapak ho, is lihaaz se mujhe isse koi araj nahi hai. Lekin research ke point of view se dekha jaye, toh 'autism' shabd ki asli sateekta kahin kho gayi hai।
I think one of the problems with the definition of autism is we keep expanding it. It started as "early infantile autism", and then it became "autism", and now it's "autism spectrum disorder". I'm not opposed to that from the standpoint of trying to broaden our vistas, and so forth. But from a research point of view, the term autism is lost in specificity.
I think one of the problems with the definition of autism is we keep expanding it. It started as "early infantile autism", and then it became "autism", and now it's "autism spectrum disorder". I'm not opposed to that from the standpoint of trying to broaden our vistas, and so forth. But from a research point of view, the term autism is lost in specificity.