हमें कभी भी कंप्यूटरों को सैन्य बल के इस्तेमाल से जुड़े बुनियादी सरकारी फैसले लेने की छूट नहीं देनी चाहिए, भले ही यह सब इंटरनेट पर ही क्यों न हो रहा हो।

We should never allow computers to make inherently governmental decisions in terms of the application of military force, even if that's happening on the internet.

We should never allow computers to make inherently governmental decisions in terms of the application of military force, even if that's happening on the internet.

इंटरनेट पर जब भी कोई हमें तिरछी नजर से देखता है, हम उस पर हमला बोल देते हैं। लंबे समय तक यह तरीका काम नहीं आने वाला है, और अगर अमेरिका को सफल होना है, तो उसे इस समस्या से एक कदम आगे रहना होगा।

Every time somebody on the internet sort of glances at us sideways, we launch an attack at them. That's not going to work out for us long term, and the U.S. have to get ahead of the problem if we're going to succeed.

Every time somebody on the internet sort of glances at us sideways, we launch an attack at them. That's not going to work out for us long term, and the U.S. have to get ahead of the problem if we're going to succeed.

हमें एक बात हमेशा याद रखनी चाहिए कि इंटरनेट की हर एक चीज आपस में जुड़ी हुई है। हमारे सभी सिस्टम सिर्फ इसलिए एक जैसे नहीं हैं कि उनके बीच नेटवर्क के जरिए जुड़ाव है, बल्कि इसलिए भी हैं क्योंकि उनमें एक जैसे सॉफ्टवेयर पैकेज और हार्डवेयर डिवाइस लगे हैं। अमेरिका में जिस राउटर का इस्तेमाल होता है, वही चीन में भी लगाया जाता है।

Something we have to remember is that everything about the internet is interconnected. All of our systems are not just common to us because of the network links between them, but because of the software packages, because of the hardware devices that comprise it. The same router that's deployed in the United States is deployed in China.

Something we have to remember is that everything about the internet is interconnected. All of our systems are not just common to us because of the network links between them, but because of the software packages, because of the hardware devices that comprise it. The same router that's deployed in the United States is deployed in China.

अगर आप नहीं चाहते कि आपका ईमेल ट्रेस हो, तो आपको अपने नाम से जुड़े किसी कंप्यूटर से उसे नहीं भेजना चाहिए। अगर आप नहीं चाहते कि वे आपका पीछा करते हुए आपके आईपी पते तक पहुँच जाएँ, तो आपको अपने घर से किसी पावर प्लांट को हैक करने की कोशिश नहीं करनी चाहिए।

You shouldn't send an email from a computer that's associated with you if you don't want it to be tracked back to you. You don't want to hack the power plant from your house if you don't want them to follow the trail back and see your IP address.

You shouldn't send an email from a computer that's associated with you if you don't want it to be tracked back to you. You don't want to hack the power plant from your house if you don't want them to follow the trail back and see your IP address.

इंटरनेट पर प्रॉक्सी सर्वर होते हैं, और हैकरों के लिए इनका इस्तेमाल करना बेहद आम बात है। वे ऐसे 'प्रॉक्सी चेन' बनाते हैं, जिसके जरिए वे दुनिया भर के कई अलग-अलग सिस्टमों तक पहुँच जाते हैं—कभी-कभी इन्हें हैक करके—और फिर उनका इस्तेमाल एक तरह के रिले बॉक्स के रूप में करते हैं।

There are proxies, proxy servers on the internet, and this is very typical for hackers to use. They create what are called proxy chains where they gain access to a number of different systems around the world, sometimes by hacking these, and they use them as sort of relay boxes.

There are proxies, proxy servers on the internet, and this is very typical for hackers to use. They create what are called proxy chains where they gain access to a number of different systems around the world, sometimes by hacking these, and they use them as sort of relay boxes.

साइबर-हमले के बुनियादी हथियार ये हैं: सबसे पहले उस सिस्टम में किसी कमजोरी की पहचान करना जिस तक आप पहुँचना चाहते हैं, या जिसे आप बर्बाद करना, नष्ट करना या कमजोर करना चाहते हैं; और फिर उस पर हमला करना। इसका मतलब है कि किसी तरह उस सिस्टम तक कोड पहुँचाना, उस दीवार की दरार यानी उस कमजोरी तक उस कोड को पहुँचाकर उसमें फिट कर देना, और फिर उसे रन कराना।

The bare bones tools for a cyber-attack are to identify a vulnerability in the system you want to gain access to or you want to subvert or you want to deny, destroy, or degrade, and then to exploit it, which means to send codes, deliver code to that system somehow and get that code to that vulnerability, to that crack in their wall, jam it in there, and then have it execute.

The bare bones tools for a cyber-attack are to identify a vulnerability in the system you want to gain access to or you want to subvert or you want to deny, destroy, or degrade, and then to exploit it, which means to send codes, deliver code to that system somehow and get that code to that vulnerability, to that crack in their wall, jam it in there, and then have it execute.

अगर रूस का कोई अकेला व्यक्ति भी सामने आता, तो वह बड़ी मुसीबत में फँस जाता। और अमेरिका में, [व्लादिमीर] पुतिन की उस प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेंस में शामिल होकर मैंने जो किया, वह उस कीमत के लायक नहीं था।

If a single Russian source would come forward, he would be in hot water. And in the United States, what I did appearing at that [Vladimir] Putin press conference was not worth the price.

If a single Russian source would come forward, he would be in hot water. And in the United States, what I did appearing at that [Vladimir] Putin press conference was not worth the price.

क्या हमारे प्रतिस्पर्धी—उदाहरण के लिए चीन, जो कि एक बेहद तानाशाही देश है—वक्त के साथ और ज्यादा तानाशाही होते जा रहे हैं या उदार होते जा रहे हैं?

Are our competitors - for example, China, which is a deeply authoritarian nation - becoming more authoritarian or more liberal over time?

Are our competitors - for example, China, which is a deeply authoritarian nation - becoming more authoritarian or more liberal over time?

क्या सत्ता का केंद्र अब इस हद तक बदल चुका है कि सभी सरकारों के पास पहले से कहीं ज्यादा ताकत और कम पाबंदियाँ हैं, और वे तकनीक के बल पर ऐसी शक्तिशाली हो गई हैं जैसी इतिहास में कभी कोई सरकार नहीं रही थी?

Has the center of gravity shifted such that all governments have greater powers and fewer restrictions than they ever had, and are empowered by technology in a way that no government ever was in the past?

Has the center of gravity shifted such that all governments have greater powers and fewer restrictions than they ever had, and are empowered by technology in a way that no government ever was in the past?

[ऑक्युपाइ वॉल स्ट्रीट] आंदोलन ने लोगों की चेतना पर असर डाला था। बदलाव लाने के मामले में यह असरदार साबित नहीं हुआ।

[Occupy Wall Street] had an impact on consciousness. It was not effective in realizing change.

[Occupy Wall Street] had an impact on consciousness. It was not effective in realizing change.

रूस ने हाल ही में एक कानून पास किया है—मेरे हिसाब से एक बहुत बुरा कानून—जिसके तहत आपको रूसी नागरिकों का सारा डेटा रूस की ही धरती पर स्टोर करना होगा, ताकि दूसरे देशों को हमारी तरह इस माइक्रोसॉफ्ट मामले में कानूनी खेल खेलने का मौका न मिले।

Russia recently passed a law - I think a terrible law - which says you have to store all of the data from Russian citizens on Russian soil just to prevent other countries from playing the same kind of legal games we're playing in this Microsoft case.

Russia recently passed a law - I think a terrible law - which says you have to store all of the data from Russian citizens on Russian soil just to prevent other countries from playing the same kind of legal games we're playing in this Microsoft case.

जब हम देखते हैं कि संवैधानिक रूप से केवल संसद ही युद्ध की घोषणा कर सकती है, और इस नियम की आए दिन अनदेखी की जाती है। नाटो या संयुक्त राष्ट्र नहीं, बल्कि संसद को इन अंतहीन युद्धों की अनुमति देनी चाहिए, लेकिन ऐसा नहीं हो रहा है।

When we look at how, constitutionally, only Congress can declare war, and that is routinely ignored. Not NATO or the UN, but Congress has to authorize these endless wars, and it isn't.

When we look at how, constitutionally, only Congress can declare war, and that is routinely ignored. Not NATO or the UN, but Congress has to authorize these endless wars, and it isn't.

नागरिक स्वतंत्रता संगठनों से जुड़े लोगों का कहना है कि यह एक बहुत बड़ा बदलाव है, और यह बिल्कुल साफ है कि जजों ने कार्यपालिका के दावों पर अधिक बारीकी से सवाल उठाना शुरू कर दिया है। भले ही यह बात आज बहुत आम लगे, लेकिन पिछले एक दशक के संदर्भ में यह एक असाधारण बात है, क्योंकि अदालतें पहले बस यही कहती रही थीं कि वे इन मामलों पर फैसला सुनाने के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त निकाय नहीं हैं—जो कि पूरी तरह से गलत है, क्योंकि वे एकमात्र गैर-राजनीतिक निकाय हैं। वे ऐसे संस्थान हैं जिन्हें विशेष रूप से उन मुद्दों पर फैसला सुनाने की जिम्मेदारी सौंपी गई है जिनका निष्पक्ष फैसला राजनेता नहीं कर सकते।

People at civil-liberties organizations say it's a sea change, and that it's very clear judges have begun to question more critically assertions made by the executive. Even though it seems so obvious now, it is extraordinary in the context of the last decade, because courts had simply said they were not the best branch to adjudicate these claims - which is completely wrong, because they are the only nonpolitical branch. They are the branch that is specifically charged with deciding issues that cannot be impartially decided by politicians.

People at civil-liberties organizations say it's a sea change, and that it's very clear judges have begun to question more critically assertions made by the executive. Even though it seems so obvious now, it is extraordinary in the context of the last decade, because courts had simply said they were not the best branch to adjudicate these claims - which is completely wrong, because they are the only nonpolitical branch. They are the branch that is specifically charged with deciding issues that cannot be impartially decided by politicians.

राष्ट्रपतियों को तर्क, साक्ष्य और औचित्य के उन पैमानों से छूट नहीं मिलनी चाहिए, जिन पर किसी अन्य नागरिक या नागरिक आंदोलन को परखा जाता है।

Presidents should not be exempted from the same standards of reason and evidence and justification that any other citizen or civil movement should be held to.

Presidents should not be exempted from the same standards of reason and evidence and justification that any other citizen or civil movement should be held to.

कांग्रेस की खुफिया समितियों के दोनों दलों के लोग—ये सारे बिके हुए अधिकारी जो जासूसी एजेंसियों के चीयरलीडर बने फिरते हैं—इन रविवार के शो में आते हैं और कहते हैं: "स्नोडेन एक गद्दार है। वह अमेरिकियों के खिलाफ काम करता है। वह चीनियों के लिए काम करता है। अरे रुकिए, वह हाँगकाँग से निकल गया—अब वह रूसियों के लिए काम करता है।"

People in both parties from the congressional intelligence committees - all these co-opted officials who play cheerleader for spy agencies - go on these Sunday shows and they say: "Snowden was a traitor. He works against Americans. He works for the Chinese. Oh, wait, he left Hong Kong - he works for the Russians."

People in both parties from the congressional intelligence committees - all these co-opted officials who play cheerleader for spy agencies - go on these Sunday shows and they say: "Snowden was a traitor. He works against Americans. He works for the Chinese. Oh, wait, he left Hong Kong - he works for the Russians."

लोगों को झूठ सुनना पसंद नहीं है, और उन्हें अपने अधिकारों का हनन पसंद नहीं है। इसलिए जैसे ही [अधिकारी] तर्क देना बंद करते हैं, आप देखेंगे कि मेरे समर्थन में आवाजें बढ़ने लगती हैं।

People do not like being lied to, and they do not like having their rights violated. So as soon as [officials] stop making arguments, you see support for me starts to rise.

People do not like being lied to, and they do not like having their rights violated. So as soon as [officials] stop making arguments, you see support for me starts to rise.

मुझे लगता है कि यह बात बिल्कुल जायज है कि सरकार के पास कुछ खास ताकतें होनी चाहिए—बशर्ते उसके पास अदालत का वारंटी हो, वह किसी ऐसी कानूनी प्रक्रिया की जाँच के दायरे में हो जिसे न सिर्फ राष्ट्रीय बल्कि अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर भी अधिकारों की रक्षा का एक विश्वसनीय और मजबूत मानक माना जाए। यह ठीक वैसा ही है जैसे पुलिस को आपके घर की तलाशी लेने या आपका दरवाजा तोड़ने के लिए वारंट मिल जाता है क्योंकि उन्हें लगता है कि आप कोई हथियार डीलर हैं या ऐसा ही कुछ। इसमें एक तय प्रक्रिया होनी चाहिए, यह बात सार्वजनिक होनी चाहिए, और अदालत में हमेशा इसे चुनौती दिए जाने का प्रावधान होना चाहिए।

I think it's reasonable that the government, when it has a warrant from a court, when it's exposed to scrutiny by a legal process that would be upheld, not just nationally, but internationally as a reliable and robust standard rights protection, they can enjoy certain powers. This is no different from having the police able to get a warrant to go and search your house, to kick at your door because they think you're an arms dealer or something like that. There needs to be a process involved, it needs to be public, and it needs to be challengeable in court at all times.

I think it's reasonable that the government, when it has a warrant from a court, when it's exposed to scrutiny by a legal process that would be upheld, not just nationally, but internationally as a reliable and robust standard rights protection, they can enjoy certain powers. This is no different from having the police able to get a warrant to go and search your house, to kick at your door because they think you're an arms dealer or something like that. There needs to be a process involved, it needs to be public, and it needs to be challengeable in court at all times.

एक उदार समाज में सरकारें न तो किसी व्यक्ति से, न ही आम जनता से और न ही निगमों से यह अपेक्षा कर सकती हैं कि वे जाँच-पड़ताल और कानून लागू करने के काम को उनके लिए आसान बना दें।

Governments cannot require individuals, they cannot require the public as a body, and they cannot require corporations to make investigation and law enforcement easy for them in a liberal society.

Governments cannot require individuals, they cannot require the public as a body, and they cannot require corporations to make investigation and law enforcement easy for them in a liberal society.

जब पुलिस अधिकारी वारंट लेकर आपके दरवाजे पर आते हैं, तो वे यह उम्मीद नहीं करते कि आप उन्हें पूरे घर की सैर करवाएंगे। यह प्रक्रिया दोनों पक्षों के बीच कड़े संघर्ष जैसी होनी चाहिए, ताकि इन असाधारण शक्तियों का इस्तेमाल तभी किया जाए जब कोई दूसरा विकल्प न बचा हो। केवल तभी जब यह बेहद जरूरी हो, और केवल तभी जब यह उन व्यक्तियों के सामने मौजूद खतरे के अनुपात में हो।

When the police officers knock on your door with a warrant, they don't expect you to give them a tour. It's supposed to be an adversarial process so that it's used in these extraordinary powers are applied only when there's no alternative. Only when they're absolutely necessary, and only when they're proportionate to the threat faced by these individuals.

When the police officers knock on your door with a warrant, they don't expect you to give them a tour. It's supposed to be an adversarial process so that it's used in these extraordinary powers are applied only when there's no alternative. Only when they're absolutely necessary, and only when they're proportionate to the threat faced by these individuals.

मेरे ख्याल से पश्चिमी दुनिया में आज सरकारों को लेकर हमारे सामने जो सबसे बड़े मुद्दे हैं, उनमें से एक यह है कि हमारे सारे चुने हुए नुमाइंदे लगातार एक ही वर्ग से आते आ रहे हैं। ये आम लोग नहीं हैं। मैं यह नहीं कहना चाहता कि वे सभी बुरे लोग हैं, लेकिन साथ ही वे आप और मेरी तरह आम इंसान भी नहीं हैं। ये वे लोग हैं जिनका इतिहास सुबह से शाम तक की नौकरी वाला रहा है।

That's one of the biggest issues that we see in the question of governments right now, I think, in the Western world. Is that increasingly all of our elected officials are pulled from the same class. These aren't normal people. I don't want to say they're all terrible people, but at the same time, they're not like you and me. These are people who have sort of a nine to five working history.

That's one of the biggest issues that we see in the question of governments right now, I think, in the Western world. Is that increasingly all of our elected officials are pulled from the same class. These aren't normal people. I don't want to say they're all terrible people, but at the same time, they're not like you and me. These are people who have sort of a nine to five working history.

इन खुलासों के बाद से, हमने इंटरनेट के तकनीकी आधार और उसकी बनावट में एक बहुत बड़ा बदलाव देखा है।

Since the revelations, we have seen a massive sea change in the technological basis and makeup of the Internet.

Since the revelations, we have seen a massive sea change in the technological basis and makeup of the Internet.

रॉनाल्ड रीगन के दौर का एक और अधिकार: ईओ 12333 (EO 12333), जो विदेशी खुफिया जानकारी जुटाने के लिए एक कार्यकारी आदेश है, इसके विपरीत जो हम आज घरेलू स्तर पर इस्तेमाल करते हैं। इसलिए इसे तो कानून द्वारा अधिकृत भी नहीं किया गया है। यह रीगन के हस्ताक्षर वाला बस एक पुराना सा कागज़ का टुकड़ा है, जिसे तब से लेकर अब तक कुछ बार अपडेट किया गया है। तो हुआ यह कि अचानक इन विशालकाय कंपनियों को एहसास हुआ कि उनके डेटा सेंटर - जो हर दिन करोड़ों लोगों के संवादों का आदान-प्रदान करते हैं - पूरी तरह से असुरक्षित हैं, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक रूप से बिल्कुल नग्न हैं।

A different [Ronald] Reagan-era authority: EO 12333, an executive order for foreign-intelligence collection, as opposed to the ones we now use domestically. So this one isn't even authorized by law. It's just an old-ass piece of paper with Reagan's signature on it, which has been updated a couple times since then. So what happened was that all of a sudden these massive, behemoth companies realized their data centers - sending hundreds of millions of people's communications back and forth every day - were completely unprotected, electronically naked.

A different [Ronald] Reagan-era authority: EO 12333, an executive order for foreign-intelligence collection, as opposed to the ones we now use domestically. So this one isn't even authorized by law. It's just an old-ass piece of paper with Reagan's signature on it, which has been updated a couple times since then. So what happened was that all of a sudden these massive, behemoth companies realized their data centers - sending hundreds of millions of people's communications back and forth every day - were completely unprotected, electronically naked.

शुरुआत से ही मेरा पूरा मॉडल यह था कि मैं व्यक्तिगत रूप से एक भी दस्तावेज़ प्रकाशित न करूँ। मैंने ये दस्तावेज़ पत्रकारों को इसलिए दिए क्योंकि मैं नहीं चाहता था कि जनहित क्या है और क्या नहीं, इसका फैसला मेरे अपने पूर्वाग्रह करें।

My whole model, from the beginning, was not to personally publish a single document. I provided these documents to journalists because I didn't want my biases to decide what's in the public interest and what is not.

My whole model, from the beginning, was not to personally publish a single document. I provided these documents to journalists because I didn't want my biases to decide what's in the public interest and what is not.

मैं न तो कम्युनिस्ट हूँ, न समाजवादी और न ही उग्रवादी। लेकिन इन मुद्दों पर ध्यान देना बहुत ज़रूरी है।

I'm not a communist, a socialist or a radical. But these issues have to be addressed.

I'm not a communist, a socialist or a radical. But these issues have to be addressed.

[बिल] बिनी थ्रेड (ThinThread) के बारे में आपसे पूरे दिन बहस कर सकते हैं, लेकिन उनका विचार था कि यह हर किसी के बारे में सब कुछ इकट्ठा करेगा लेकिन तुरंत एन्क्रिप्ट (encrypt) हो जाएगा ताकि कोई उसे पढ़ न सके। केवल अदालत ही खुफिया अधिकारियों को इसे डिक्रिप्ट (decrypt) करने की कुंजी दे सकती थी। इसका उद्देश्य [गोपनीयता के अधिकारों] और इस दावे के बीच एक तरह का समझौता खोजना था कि अगर आप चीज़ें होने के साथ ही नहीं जुटाएँगे, तो वे बाद में आपके पास नहीं होंगी - क्योंकि एनएसए (NSA) वास्तव में पूर्वव्यापी जाँच (retrospective investigation) करने की क्षमता चाहता है।

[Bill] Binney will argue with you all day about ThinThread, but his idea was that it would collect everything about everybody but be immediately encrypted so no one could read it. Only a court could give intelligence officials the key to decrypt it. The idea was to find a kind of a compromise between [privacy rights and] the assertion that if you don't collect things as they happen, you won't have them later - because what the NSA really wants is the capability of retrospective investigation.

[Bill] Binney will argue with you all day about ThinThread, but his idea was that it would collect everything about everybody but be immediately encrypted so no one could read it. Only a court could give intelligence officials the key to decrypt it. The idea was to find a kind of a compromise between [privacy rights and] the assertion that if you don't collect things as they happen, you won't have them later - because what the NSA really wants is the capability of retrospective investigation.

उदाहरण के लिए, सरकार ने मुझ पर जो आरोप लगाए, उनमें स्पष्ट रूप से मुझे जनहित में अपना पक्ष रखने (डिफेंस करने) के अधिकार से वंचित कर दिया गया।

The charges [government] brought against me, for example, explicitly denied my ability to make a public-interest defense.

The charges [government] brought against me, for example, explicitly denied my ability to make a public-interest defense.

ऐसी कोई व्हिसलब्लोअर सुरक्षा नहीं थी जो मुझे बचा पाती - और यह बात खुफिया समुदाय में हर कोई जानता है। जब सिस्टम पूरी तरह से विफल हो जाता है, तो इस जानकारी को सामने लाने के लिए कोई उचित माध्यम या चैनल मौजूद नहीं हैं।

There were no whistleblower protections that would've protected me - and that's known to everybody in the intelligence community. There are no proper channels for making this information available when the system fails comprehensively.

There were no whistleblower protections that would've protected me - and that's known to everybody in the intelligence community. There are no proper channels for making this information available when the system fails comprehensively.

उम्मीदवार चुनावी वादे करके चुनाव लड़ते हैं, लेकिन एक बार चुने जाने के बाद वे अपने वादों से मुकर जाते हैं, जो राष्ट्रपति [बराक] ओबामा के साथ गुआंतानामो, निगरानी कार्यक्रमों और बुश प्रशासन के अपराधों की जाँच के मामले में हुआ था। ये बहुत गंभीर चुनावी वादे थे जिन्हें पूरा नहीं किया गया।

Candidates run for election on campaign promises, but once they're elected they renege on those promises, which happened with President [Barack] Obama on Guantánamo, the surveillance programs and investigating the crimes of the Bush administration. These were very serious campaign promises that were not fulfilled.

Candidates run for election on campaign promises, but once they're elected they renege on those promises, which happened with President [Barack] Obama on Guantánamo, the surveillance programs and investigating the crimes of the Bush administration. These were very serious campaign promises that were not fulfilled.

मैंने चुनाव से पहले इन निगरानी कार्यक्रमों के बारे में जानकारी सामने लाने पर विचार किया था, लेकिन मैंने खुद को रोके रखा क्योंकि मुझे विश्वास था कि [बराक] ओबामा जब यह कह रहे थे कि वे चीज़ें बदल देंगे, तो वे सच्चे थे। मैं लोकतांत्रिक प्रक्रिया को काम करने के लिए कुछ समय देना चाहता था।

I considered bringing forward information about these surveillance programs prior to the election, but I held off because I believed that [Barack] Obama was genuine when he said he was going to change things. I wanted to give the democratic process time to work.

I considered bringing forward information about these surveillance programs prior to the election, but I held off because I believed that [Barack] Obama was genuine when he said he was going to change things. I wanted to give the democratic process time to work.

जहाँ तक किसी को व्हिसलब्लोअर का लेबल देने की बात है, तो मुझे लगता है कि यह उनके साथ - हम सभी के साथ - एक अन्याय है, क्योंकि यह हमें 'बाकी सब से अलग' (दूसरा) साबित कर देता है।

As for labeling someone a whistleblower, I think it does them - it does all of us - a disservice, because it "otherizes" us.

As for labeling someone a whistleblower, I think it does them - it does all of us - a disservice, because it "otherizes" us.

जैसे-जैसे असमानता बढ़ रही है, सामाजिक भाईचारे के मूल बंधन कमज़ोर हो रहे हैं - जैसा कि हमने 'ऑक्यूपाई वॉल स्ट्रीट' के संबंध में चर्चा की थी। जैसे-जैसे तनाव बढ़ेगा, लोग विरोध प्रदर्शनों में भाग लेने के लिए अधिक उत्सुक होंगे। लेकिन वह समय अभी नहीं आया है।

As inequality grows, the basic bonds of social fraternity are fraying - as we discussed in regard to Occupy Wall Street. As tensions increase, people will become more willing to engage in protest. But that moment is not now.

As inequality grows, the basic bonds of social fraternity are fraying - as we discussed in regard to Occupy Wall Street. As tensions increase, people will become more willing to engage in protest. But that moment is not now.

मुझे नहीं लगता कि मैंने अमेरिका के अधिकार क्षेत्र से बाहर कोई अपराध किया है।

I don't think I have committed a crime outside the domain of the US.

I don't think I have committed a crime outside the domain of the US.

कानून और नियमों के ज़रिए अकादमिक जगत पर एक ऐसी संस्कृति थोपी जा रही है जहाँ हर कोई खुद पर नज़र रख रहा है और अपनी ही रिपोर्टिंग कर रहा है। मुझे लगता है कि इससे न केवल हम शैक्षणिक परंपराओं और नागरिक समाज की एक बड़ी आज़ादी खो रहे हैं, बल्कि हम दुनिया के उन तमाम देशों के मुकाबले कमज़ोर भी पड़ रहे हैं जो ऐसा नहीं करते। क्योंकि आख़िरकार शोधकर्ता और शिक्षाविद वहीं जाएंगे। और अंत में, नए आविष्कार और सफलताएं भी वहीं मिलेंगी।

By creating a self-policing, self-reporting, sort of self-monitoring culture through law, through statute, and imposing that on the academic world, I think not only are we losing a significant measure of freedom in academic traditions and in our civil society, but we're actually making ourselves less competitive with every other country around the world that does not do that. Because that's where researchers are going to go and that's where academics are going to go. And ultimately, that's where breakthroughs are going to occur.

By creating a self-policing, self-reporting, sort of self-monitoring culture through law, through statute, and imposing that on the academic world, I think not only are we losing a significant measure of freedom in academic traditions and in our civil society, but we're actually making ourselves less competitive with every other country around the world that does not do that. Because that's where researchers are going to go and that's where academics are going to go. And ultimately, that's where breakthroughs are going to occur.

हम अपनी किसी भी बात को दुनिया तक कितनी पब्लिसिटी देना चाहते हैं, इसके फैसले की ताकत को हम विकेंद्रीकृत कर देते हैं।

We decentralise the ability to decide the level of publicity that's attached to any of our communications.

We decentralise the ability to decide the level of publicity that's attached to any of our communications.

समाज के तौर पर हमें खुद से यह सवाल पूछना चाहिए कि क्या अन्य देशों और विदेशी नागरिकों की जासूसी करने की मामूली सी ताकत के बदले, हमारे सामूहिक अधिकार दांव पर लगाना सही है? इस बारे में मेरी अपनी राय है, लेकिन हम सबको मिलकर इस पर अपनी राय बनानी होगी।

The question that we, as a society, have to ask is, are our collective rights worth a small relative advantage in our ability to spy on other countries and foreign citizens? I have my opinion about that, but we all collectively have to come to our opinion about it.

The question that we, as a society, have to ask is, are our collective rights worth a small relative advantage in our ability to spy on other countries and foreign citizens? I have my opinion about that, but we all collectively have to come to our opinion about it.

द न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स और द गार्डियन ने खुलकर कहा, "स्नोडेन को माफ़ किया जाए।" लेकिन मेरे लिए सबसे ज़रूरी बात यह है—और मैंने यह बात शुरू से कही है—कि मामला मेरे बारे में है ही नहीं। मुझे परवाह नहीं कि मुझे माफ़ किया जाता है या नहीं। मुझे परवाह नहीं कि मेरे साथ क्या होता है।

The New York Times and The Guardian came out and said, "Hey, clemency for Snowden." But for me, the key - and I've said this from the beginning: it's not about me. I don't care if I get clemency. I don't care what happens to me.

The New York Times and The Guardian came out and said, "Hey, clemency for Snowden." But for me, the key - and I've said this from the beginning: it's not about me. I don't care if I get clemency. I don't care what happens to me.

जहाँ तक राजनीतिक गतिविधियों में शामिल होने की बात है, मैं कोई राजनेता नहीं हूँ—मैं एक इंजीनियर हूँ।

When it comes to political engagement, I'm not a politician - I'm an engineer.

When it comes to political engagement, I'm not a politician - I'm an engineer.

मैं ये सर्वे इसलिए पढ़ता हूँ क्योंकि मानवाधिकार और नागरिक स्वतंत्रता संस्थाएं मुझे कहती हैं कि मुझे जनता की राय का पता होना चाहिए।

I read these polls because civil-liberties organizations tell me I need to be aware of public opinion.

I read these polls because civil-liberties organizations tell me I need to be aware of public opinion.

हम अमेरिका में "राज्य सुरक्षा" (स्टेट सिक्योरिटी) शब्द का इस्तेमाल करना पसंद नहीं करते क्योंकि यह हमें तमाम बुरे शासन की याद दिलाता है। लेकिन यह एक बेहद अहम अवधारणा है, क्योंकि जब ये अधिकारी टीवी पर आते हैं, तो वे इस बारे में बात नहीं कर रहे होते कि आपके लिए क्या अच्छा है। वे इस बारे में बात नहीं कर रहे होते कि व्यापार के लिए क्या अच्छा है। वे समाज के हित की बात नहीं कर रहे होते। वे तो बस राष्ट्रीय शासन प्रणाली को बचाने और उसे बनाए रखने की बात कर रहे होते हैं।

We don't like to use the phrase "state security" in the United States because it reminds us of all the bad regimes. But it's a key concept, because when these officials are out on TV, they're not talking about what's good for you. They're not talking about what's good for business. They're not talking about what's good for society. They're talking about the protection and perpetuation of a national state system.

We don't like to use the phrase "state security" in the United States because it reminds us of all the bad regimes. But it's a key concept, because when these officials are out on TV, they're not talking about what's good for you. They're not talking about what's good for business. They're not talking about what's good for society. They're talking about the protection and perpetuation of a national state system.

मैं कोई अराजकतावादी नहीं हूँ। मैं यह नहीं कह रहा कि सब कुछ जलाकर राख कर दो।

I'm not an anarchist. I'm not saying, "Burn it to the ground."

I'm not an anarchist. I'm not saying, "Burn it to the ground."

मुझे नहीं लगता कि राजनीतिक सुधार सफल होने की कोई संभावना है। [सीनेटर टॉम] यूडाल और [रॉन] वाइडेन, जो इंटेलिजेंस कमेटी में हैं, लगातार चेतावनी दे रहे हैं, लेकिन वे बहुत कम संख्या में हैं।

I don't think political reform is likely to succeed. [Senators Tom] Udall and [Ron] Wyden, on the intelligence committee, have been sounding the alarm, but they are a minority.

I don't think political reform is likely to succeed. [Senators Tom] Udall and [Ron] Wyden, on the intelligence committee, have been sounding the alarm, but they are a minority.

असली समस्या तब पैदा होती है जब [सरकार] हम सबकी, बिना किसी ठोस वजह के और बिना किसी पुख्ता अदालती सबूत के कि हमारे अधिकारों के हनन की कोई ठोस वजह है, लगातार सामूहिक रूप से निगरानी करती है।

The problem is when [the state] monitor all of us, en masse, all of the time, without any specific justification for intercepting in the first place, without any specific judicial showing that there's a probable cause for that infringement of our rights.

The problem is when [the state] monitor all of us, en masse, all of the time, without any specific justification for intercepting in the first place, without any specific judicial showing that there's a probable cause for that infringement of our rights.

मैं इन समस्याओं से निपटने के तरीकों पर दुनिया के जाने-माने क्रिप्टोग्राफर्स और बेहतरीन टेक्नोलॉजी विशेषज्ञों से लगातार बात करता रहता हूँ। ऐसा कोई 'बैकडोर' (गुप्त रास्ता) बनाना मुमकिन ही नहीं है जिस तक सिर्फ एफबीआई की ही पहुँच हो।

I talk to cryptographers, some of the leading technologists in the world, all the time about how we can deal with these issues. It is not possible to create a back door that is only accessible, for example, to the FBI.

I talk to cryptographers, some of the leading technologists in the world, all the time about how we can deal with these issues. It is not possible to create a back door that is only accessible, for example, to the FBI.

मान भी लें कि ऐसा है, तो भी अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार में वही समस्या सामने आती है: यदि आप ऐसा उपकरण बनाते हैं जो कमजोर सुरक्षा के लिए कुख्यात है और जिसमें अमेरिकी पिछवाड़ा (बैकडोर) है, तो उसे कोई नहीं खरीदेगा।

Even if it were, you run into the same problem with international commerce: if you create a device that is famous for compromised security and it has an American back door, nobody is gonna buy it.

Even if it were, you run into the same problem with international commerce: if you create a device that is famous for compromised security and it has an American back door, nobody is gonna buy it.

वैसे, यह सच नहीं है कि अधिकारियों के लिए फोन के कंटेंट तक पहुँचना नामुमकिन है, भले ही उसमें कोई बैकडोर न हो। जब मैं एनएसए में था, तो हम यह काम हर एक दिन, यहाँ तक कि रविवार को भी करते थे। मेरा मानना है कि एन्क्रिप्शन एक नागरिक जिम्मेदारी है, एक नागरिक कर्तव्य है।

Anyway, it's not true that the authorities cannot access the content of the phone even if there is no back door. When I was at the NSA, we did this every single day, even on Sundays. I believe that encryption is a civic responsibility, a civic duty.

Anyway, it's not true that the authorities cannot access the content of the phone even if there is no back door. When I was at the NSA, we did this every single day, even on Sundays. I believe that encryption is a civic responsibility, a civic duty.

मैं कोई राजनेता नहीं हूँ, और मुझे नहीं लगता कि मैं उन लोगों जितना असरदार साबित हो सकता हूँ जो इस काम के लिए खासतौर पर तैयारी करते हैं—यानी तकनीकी सुधार पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना, क्योंकि मैं टेक्नोलॉजी की भाषा बोलता हूँ। मैंने टिम बर्नर्स-ली से बात की, जो वर्ल्ड वाइड वेब के आविष्कारक हैं। हम इस बात पर सहमत हैं कि इस पीढ़ी के लिए यह जरूरी है कि वह वह बनाए जिसे वे इंटरनेट का मैग्ना कार्टा कहते हैं। हम यह तय करना चाहते हैं कि "डिजिटल अधिकार" क्या होने चाहिए। हमें किन मूल्यों की रक्षा करनी चाहिए, और हम उन्हें कैसे लागू करें।

I'm not a politician, and I do not think I am as effective in this way as people who actually prepare for it - is to focus on technical reform, because I speak the language of technology. I spoke with Tim Berners-Lee, the guy who invented the World Wide Web. We agree on the necessity for this generation to create what he calls the Magna Carta for the Internet. We want to say what "digital rights" should be. What values should we be protecting, and how do we assert them.

I'm not a politician, and I do not think I am as effective in this way as people who actually prepare for it - is to focus on technical reform, because I speak the language of technology. I spoke with Tim Berners-Lee, the guy who invented the World Wide Web. We agree on the necessity for this generation to create what he calls the Magna Carta for the Internet. We want to say what "digital rights" should be. What values should we be protecting, and how do we assert them.

अगर मुझे यह अंदाज़ा लगाना पड़े कि मेरे भविष्य का हाल क्या होगा—यह मानकर कि मुझे जेल की कोठरी में नारंगी रंग का कैदी वाला चोगा नहीं पहनना पड़ेगा—तो मुझे लगता है कि मैं टेक्नोलॉजी और पॉलिसी के बीच झूलता रहूँगा।

If I had to guess what the future's going to look like for me - assuming it's not an orange jumpsuit in a hole - I think I'm going to alternate between tech and policy.

If I had to guess what the future's going to look like for me - assuming it's not an orange jumpsuit in a hole - I think I'm going to alternate between tech and policy.

आज जिस तरह से हमारी प्रतिनिधि सरकार काम कर रही है, उसमें एक बहुत बड़ा खतरा है। यह तभी ठीक से काम करती है जब इसके साथ जवाबदेही भी हो।

There's a real danger in the way our representative government functions today. It functions properly only when paired with accountability.

There's a real danger in the way our representative government functions today. It functions properly only when paired with accountability.

सुरक्षा राज्य (सिक्योरिटी स्टेट) की परिभाषा यह है कि वह बाकी सभी बातों से ऊपर सुरक्षा को प्राथमिकता देता है।

The definition of a security state is one that prioritizes security over all other considerations.

The definition of a security state is one that prioritizes security over all other considerations.

क्या आप सफर के दौरान इसे चेक करते हैं, क्या आप घर पर होने पर इसे चेक करते हैं? वे इसके ज़रिए आपके 'जीवन के पैटर्न' का पता लगा सकते हैं। आप इस तरह की गतिविधियाँ कब करते हैं? आप कब उठते हैं? आप कब सोते हैं? जब आप उठते और सोते हैं तो आपके आस-पास कौन से दूसरे फोन होते हैं? क्या आप किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति के साथ हैं जो आपकी पत्नी नहीं है?

Do you check it when you travel, do you check it when you're just at home? They'd be able to tell something called your 'pattern of life.' When are you doing these kind of activities? When do you wake up? When do you go to sleep? What other phones are around you when you wake up and go to sleep? Are you with someone who's not your wife?

Do you check it when you travel, do you check it when you're just at home? They'd be able to tell something called your 'pattern of life.' When are you doing these kind of activities? When do you wake up? When do you go to sleep? What other phones are around you when you wake up and go to sleep? Are you with someone who's not your wife?

विकसित देशों के अधिकांश लोग इंटरनेट का उपयोग करने में कम से कम कुछ समय जरूर बिताते हैं, और सरकारें जरूरत और औचित्य की सीमा लांघकर अपनी शक्तियों का विस्तार करने के लिए इस जरूरत का गुप्त रूप से दुरुपयोग कर रही हैं।

The majority of people in developed countries spend at least some time interacting with the Internet, and Governments are abusing that necessity in secret to extend their powers beyond what is necessary and appropriate.

The majority of people in developed countries spend at least some time interacting with the Internet, and Governments are abusing that necessity in secret to extend their powers beyond what is necessary and appropriate.

बिना किसी शक के लोगों की जासूसी करने का लोकतंत्र में कोई स्थान नहीं है। अगले 60 दिन एनएसए पर लगाम कसने का एक ऐतिहासिक अवसर हैं, लेकिन इसके सबसे बुरे कुकृत्यों को केवल आप ही समाप्त कर सकते हैं। अपने प्रतिनिधियों को फोन करें और उन्हें बताएं कि पैट्रियट एक्ट की धारा 215 के तहत अमेरिकियों के निजी रिकॉर्ड्स का असंवैधानिक 'थोक संग्रह' (बल्क कलेक्शन) बंद होना चाहिए।

Suspicionless surveillance has no place in a democracy. The next 60 days are a historic opportunity to rein in the NSA, but the only one who can end the worst of its abuses is you. Call your representatives and tell them that the unconstitutional 'bulk collection' of Americans' private records under Section 215 of the Patriot Act must end.

Suspicionless surveillance has no place in a democracy. The next 60 days are a historic opportunity to rein in the NSA, but the only one who can end the worst of its abuses is you. Call your representatives and tell them that the unconstitutional 'bulk collection' of Americans' private records under Section 215 of the Patriot Act must end.

एक टेक्नोलॉजिस्ट के तौर पर, मैं रुझानों को देखता हूँ, और मैं देखता हूँ कि ऑटोमेशन का मतलब लाजिमी तौर पर यह है कि नौकरियां कम से कम होती जाएंगी। और अगर हम उन लोगों को बेसिक इनकम (बुनियादी आय) देने का कोई रास्ता नहीं निकालते जिनके पास कोई काम नहीं है, या कोई सार्थक काम नहीं है, तो हमारे यहाँ ऐसा सामाजिक असंतोष फैलेगा जिससे लोगों की जान जा सकती है। जब हमारे यहाँ लगातार उत्पादन बढ़ रहा है—साल दर साल—तो उसका कुछ हिस्सा समाज में दोबारा निवेश किया जाना चाहिए।

As a technologist, I see the trends, and I see that automation inevitably is going to mean fewer and fewer jobs. And if we do not find a way to provide a basic income for people who have no work, or no meaningful work, we’re going to have social unrest that could get people killed. When we have increasing production - year after year after year - some of that needs to be reinvested in society.

As a technologist, I see the trends, and I see that automation inevitably is going to mean fewer and fewer jobs. And if we do not find a way to provide a basic income for people who have no work, or no meaningful work, we’re going to have social unrest that could get people killed. When we have increasing production - year after year after year - some of that needs to be reinvested in society.

मैं ऐसे समाज में नहीं रहना चाहता जो इस तरह के काम करता है।

I don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things.

I don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things.

मैं इस समझ के साथ बड़ा हुआ कि जिस दुनिया में मैं रहता हूँ, वह ऐसी दुनिया है जहाँ लोगों को बिना किसी निगरानी के, बिना किसी माप-जोख या विश्लेषण के, या बिना इन छायादार लोगों या व्यवस्थाओं द्वारा परखे जाने के, एक-दूसरे से गोपनीयता में संवाद करने की एक तरह की आज़ादी का आनंद मिलता है, जब भी वे सार्वजनिक माध्यमों से गुजरने वाली किसी भी बात का जिक्र करते हैं।

I grew up with the understanding that the world I lived in was one where people enjoyed a sort of freedom to communicate with each other in privacy, without it being monitored, without it being measured or analyzed or sort of judged by these shadowy figures or systems, any time they mention anything that travels across public lines.

I grew up with the understanding that the world I lived in was one where people enjoyed a sort of freedom to communicate with each other in privacy, without it being monitored, without it being measured or analyzed or sort of judged by these shadowy figures or systems, any time they mention anything that travels across public lines.

कांग्रेस ने उन देशों के खिलाफ युद्ध की घोषणा नहीं की है—उनमें से अधिकांश हमारे सहयोगी हैं—लेकिन जनता की अनुमति मांगे बिना, एनएसए उनके खिलाफ नेटवर्क ऑपरेशन चला रहा है जिससे लाखों मासूम लोग प्रभावित हो रहे हैं। और किस लिए? ताकि हम उस देश के एक कंप्यूटर तक गुप्त पहुँच बना सकें जिसके साथ हम युद्ध भी नहीं कर रहे हैं?

Congress hasn't declared war on the countries - the majority of them are our allies - but without asking for public permission, NSA is running network operations against them that affect millions of innocent people. And for what? So we can have secret access to a computer in a country we're not even fighting?

Congress hasn't declared war on the countries - the majority of them are our allies - but without asking for public permission, NSA is running network operations against them that affect millions of innocent people. And for what? So we can have secret access to a computer in a country we're not even fighting?

अगर आप साइबर कमांड में किसी से भी पूछें या उनके पदों के लिए नौकरी के विज्ञापनों को देखें, तो आप पाएंगे कि वे जिस एक चीज़ को प्राथमिकता नहीं देते हैं, वह है कंप्यूटर नेटवर्क डिफेंस। साइबर कमांड में सब कुछ कंप्यूटर नेटवर्क अटैक और कंप्यूटर नेटवर्क एक्सप्लॉइटेशन के बारे में है।

If you ask anybody at Cyber Command or look at any of the job listings for openings for their positions, you'll see that the one thing they don't prioritize is computer network defense. It's all about computer network attack and computer network exploitation at Cyber Command.

If you ask anybody at Cyber Command or look at any of the job listings for openings for their positions, you'll see that the one thing they don't prioritize is computer network defense. It's all about computer network attack and computer network exploitation at Cyber Command.

जब इंटरनेट की बात आती है, जब संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की तकनीकी अर्थव्यवस्था की बात आती है, तो हमारे पास दुनिया के किसी भी अन्य देश की तुलना में खोने के लिए बहुत कुछ है।

When it comes to the internet, when it comes to the United States' technical economy, we have more to lose than any other nation on earth.

When it comes to the internet, when it comes to the United States' technical economy, we have more to lose than any other nation on earth.

हम यातना जैसी तकनीकों को इस बात की परवाह किए बिना खारिज करते हैं कि वे प्रभावी हैं या प्रभावी नहीं हैं, क्योंकि वे बर्बर हैं और बड़े पैमाने पर नुकसान पहुँचाती हैं। साइबर युद्ध के साथ भी यही बात लागू होती है। हमें कभी भी अस्पतालों पर हमला नहीं करना चाहिए। हमें कभी भी पावर प्लांट को ठप नहीं करना चाहिए, जब तक कि एक स्वतंत्र लोगों के रूप में हमारा अस्तित्व बनाए रखने के लिए यह बिल्कुल जरूरी न हो।

We reject techniques like torture regardless of whether they're effective or ineffective because they are barbaric and harmful on a broad scale. It's the same thing with cyber warfare. We should never be attacking hospitals. We should never be taking down power plants unless that is absolutely necessary to ensure our continued existence as a free people.

We reject techniques like torture regardless of whether they're effective or ineffective because they are barbaric and harmful on a broad scale. It's the same thing with cyber warfare. We should never be attacking hospitals. We should never be taking down power plants unless that is absolutely necessary to ensure our continued existence as a free people.

मैं अपने देश से प्यार करता हूँ। मैं अपने परिवार से प्यार करता हूँ। और मैंने अपना जीवन उन दोनों को समर्पित कर दिया है।

I love my country. I love my family. And I have dedicated my life to both of them.

I love my country. I love my family. And I have dedicated my life to both of them.

यदि मुझे और अन्य व्हिसलब्लोअर्स को जूरी के सामने अपनी प्रेरणाओं को समझाने का मौका दिए बिना लंबी जेल की सजा सुनाई जाती है, तो इसका भविष्य के उन व्हिसलब्लोअर्स पर बहुत बुरा असर पड़ेगा जो सरकारी ज्यादतियों और अधिकारों के हनन को उजागर करने के लिए मेरी तरह काम कर रहे हैं। यह आवाज़ को दबा देगा। यह हमारे लोकतंत्र की गुणवत्ता को खोखला कर देगा।

If I and other whistleblowers are sentenced to long years in prison without so much as a chance to explain our motivations to a jury, it will have a deeply chilling effect on future whistleblowers working as I did to expose government abuse and overreach. It will chill speech. It will corrode the quality of our democracy.

If I and other whistleblowers are sentenced to long years in prison without so much as a chance to explain our motivations to a jury, it will have a deeply chilling effect on future whistleblowers working as I did to expose government abuse and overreach. It will chill speech. It will corrode the quality of our democracy.

मैं सारा दिन छायादार लोगों से छिपता नहीं फिरता—मैं निर्वासन में हूँ।

I don't spend all day running hand-on-hat from shadowy figures - I'm in exile.

I don't spend all day running hand-on-hat from shadowy figures - I'm in exile.

मुझे आएदिन लोग पहचान लेते हैं। यह हमेशा कंप्यूटर की दुकानों पर होता है। यह कुछ-कुछ ब्रेन एसोसिएशन जैसा है, क्योंकि मैं किराने की दुकान पर होऊँगा और कोई मुझे नहीं पहचानेगा। चश्मा पहनने के बाद भी, बिल्कुल अपनी तस्वीर की तरह दिखने के बावजूद, कोई मुझे नहींपहचानेगा। लेकिन मैं पूरी तरह से दाढ़ी-मूँछ साफ करवा सकता हूँ, टोपी पहन सकता हूँ, बिल्कुल अपनी तरह नहीं दिख सकता, और कंप्यूटर स्टोर में लोग कहेंगे, "स्नोडेन?!"

I've been recognized every now and then. It's always in computer stores. It's something like brain associations, because I'll be in the grocery store and nobody will recognize me. Even in my glasses, looking exactly like my picture, nobody will recognize me. But I could be totally clean-shaven, hat on, looking nothing like myself in a computer store, and they're like, "Snowden?!"

I've been recognized every now and then. It's always in computer stores. It's something like brain associations, because I'll be in the grocery store and nobody will recognize me. Even in my glasses, looking exactly like my picture, nobody will recognize me. But I could be totally clean-shaven, hat on, looking nothing like myself in a computer store, and they're like, "Snowden?!"

मैं कंप्यूटर पर सब कुछ करता हूँ। टीवी मेरे लिए पुरानी तकनीक बन चुका है।

I do everything on the computer. TV is obsolete technology for me.

I do everything on the computer. TV is obsolete technology for me.

मैं हाल ही में 'द वायर' देख रहा हूँ।

I've been watching The Wire recently.

I've been watching The Wire recently.

मुझे ऐसे सवाल नफरत हैं—मुझे इन चीजों (लोकप्रिय संस्कृति) के बारे में बात करना पसंद नहीं है, क्योंकि यह मेरे लिए... बहुत साधारण है।

I hate these questions - I don't like talking about this stuff [popular culture], because it's so... to me, it's so ordinary.

I hate these questions - I don't like talking about this stuff [popular culture], because it's so... to me, it's so ordinary.

[मैं] वह सब देखता हूँ—गेम ऑफ थ्रोन्स और बाकी सभी सीरीज। हाउस ऑफ कार्ड्स के बारे में क्या ख्याल है? जहाँ तक बोर्डवॉक एम्पायर की बात है—यह सरकारी ज्यादती का एक और दौर है, लेकिन कम से कम वे संशोधन प्रक्रिया का इस्तेमाल तो करते हैं! वास्तविक जीवन में, कार्यपालिका संविधान का उल्लंघन करके, हमारी स्वतंत्रता को कम करने के लिए संवैधानिक संशोधनों की जगह कानूनों का उपयोग कर रही है।

[I watch] all that stuff - Game of Thrones and all the other series. How about House of Cards? As for Boardwalk Empire - that's another period of government overreach, but at least they use the amendment process! In real life, the executive branch, by violating the Constitution, is using statutes in place of constitutional amendments to diminish our liberty.

[I watch] all that stuff - Game of Thrones and all the other series. How about House of Cards? As for Boardwalk Empire - that's another period of government overreach, but at least they use the amendment process! In real life, the executive branch, by violating the Constitution, is using statutes in place of constitutional amendments to diminish our liberty.

जब लोग वेब 2.0 की बात करते हैं, तो उनका मतलब यह होता है कि जब इंटरनेट, वर्ल्ड वाइड वेब, पहली बार लोकप्रिय हुआ था, तो वह केवल एकतरफा था।

When people talk about Web 2.0, they mean that when the Internet, the World Wide Web, first became popular, it was one way only.

When people talk about Web 2.0, they mean that when the Internet, the World Wide Web, first became popular, it was one way only.

लोग अपनी वेबसाइटें प्रकाशित करते थे; दूसरे लोग उन्हें पढ़ते थे। लेकिन ईमेल के अलावा कोई वास्तविक आदान-प्रदान नहीं होता था। वेब 2.0 वह था जिसे उन्होंने सहयोगात्मक वेब कहा—फेसबुक, ट्विटर, सोशल मीडिया।

People would publish their websites; other people would read them. But there was no real back and forth other than through e-mail. Web 2.0 was what they called the collaborative web - Facebook, Twitter, the social media.

People would publish their websites; other people would read them. But there was no real back and forth other than through e-mail. Web 2.0 was what they called the collaborative web - Facebook, Twitter, the social media.

हम जो अब देख रहे हैं, या देखना शुरू कर रहे हैं, वह इंटरनेट समुदाय का छोटे-छोटे टुकड़ों में बँटना है। पहले, हर कोई केवल कुछ चुनिंदा साइटों पर जाता था; अब हमारे पास ये सभी छोटी-छोटी दुकानें जैसी साइटें हैं।

What we're seeing now, or starting to see, is an atomization of the Internet community. Before, everybody went only to a few sites; now we've got all these boutiques.

What we're seeing now, or starting to see, is an atomization of the Internet community. Before, everybody went only to a few sites; now we've got all these boutiques.

हमारे पास स्थापित मीडिया दिग्गजों से मुकाबला करने के लिए छोटी-छोटी अनोखी साइटें आ गई हैं।

We've got crazy little sites going up against established media behemoths.

We've got crazy little sites going up against established media behemoths.

हम खुफिया एजेंसियों को जो चाहें करने देने की उस आसान लेकिन त्रुटिपूर्ण प्रक्रिया को कहाँ ठुकराएंगे? यह होना तय है। मुझे लगता है कि यह वह जगह होगी जहाँ इंटरनेट व्यवसाय जाएंगे।

Where are we going to reject that easy but flawed process of letting the intelligence services do whatever they want? It's inevitable that it will happen. I think it's going to be where Internet businesses go.

Where are we going to reject that easy but flawed process of letting the intelligence services do whatever they want? It's inevitable that it will happen. I think it's going to be where Internet businesses go.

मुझे यह कहना होगा कि 'द नेशन' [बराक] ओबामा प्रशासन को लेकर जितना संशयवादी रहा है, उससे मैं हैरान हूँ।

I must say I'm surprised by how skeptical of the [Barack] Obama administration The Nation has been.

I must say I'm surprised by how skeptical of the [Barack] Obama administration The Nation has been.

जरा कल्पना कीजिए कि आप हवाई में मेरी टेबल पर बैठे हैं। जहाँ तक आपकी नजर जाती है, पूरी दुनिया आपकी मुट्ठी में है। पिछले कुछ दिनों के इंटरनेट संचार का पूरा डेटा। भेजा गया हर एक ईमेल। हर वो वेबसाइट जिसे किसी ने भी देखा हो। हर वो टेक्स्ट मैसेज जो कोई अपने फोन पर भेजता है। उनकी की गई हर एक फोन कॉल।

Imagine, if you will, you're sitting at my desk in Hawaii. You have access to the entire world, as far as you can see it. Last several days, content of internet communications. Every email that's sent. Every website that's visited by every individual. Every text message that somebody sends on their phone. Every phone call they make.

Imagine, if you will, you're sitting at my desk in Hawaii. You have access to the entire world, as far as you can see it. Last several days, content of internet communications. Every email that's sent. Every website that's visited by every individual. Every text message that somebody sends on their phone. Every phone call they make.

आज आतंकवाद हमारे समाजों के सामने सबसे बड़ा खतरा नहीं है।

Now terrorism is not the greatest threat facing our societies.

Now terrorism is not the greatest threat facing our societies.

[बिल] बिनी ने 'थिनथ्रेड' नाम का एक ऐसा एनएसए प्रोग्राम डिजाइन किया था, जिसमें सामूहिक निगरानी को कम आपत्तिजनक बनाने के लिए एन्क्रिप्शन का इस्तेमाल किया जाना था। हालांकि, यह तब भी गैरकानूनी और असंवैधानिक ही रहता।

[Bill] Binney designed ThinThread, an NSA program that used encryption to try to make mass surveillance less objectionable. It would still have been unlawful and unconstitutional.

[Bill] Binney designed ThinThread, an NSA program that used encryption to try to make mass surveillance less objectionable. It would still have been unlawful and unconstitutional.

एनएसए असल में पिछले इतिहास की जाँच-पड़تال करने की ताकत चाहती है। वे चाहते हैं कि आपके पिछले पाँच सालों के जीवन का पूरा ब्योरा उनके पास हो, ताकि जब भी आप उनकी नजर में आएं, वे आपके बारे में सब कुछ जान सकें। मुझे यह बात मंजूर नहीं है, लेकिन [बिल] बिनी कुछ ऐसा ही तैयार करने की कोशिश कर रहे थे।

What the NSA really wants is the capability of retrospective investigation. They want to have a perfect record of the last five years of your life, so when you come to their attention, they can know everything about you. I'm not down with that, but [Bill] Binney was trying to create something like that.

What the NSA really wants is the capability of retrospective investigation. They want to have a perfect record of the last five years of your life, so when you come to their attention, they can know everything about you. I'm not down with that, but [Bill] Binney was trying to create something like that.

[कीथ अलेक्जेंडर] के उस बयान [कि एडवर्ड स्नोडेन ने देश को गंभीर और अपूरणीय नुकसान पहुँचाया है] के कुछ महीनों बाद, एनएसए के नए निदेशक माइकल रोजर्स ने कहा कि दरअसल उन्हें आसमान टूटता हुआ नजर नहीं आता। मामला आखिरकार उतना गंभीर भी नहीं है।

Some months after [Keith Alexander] made that statement [Edward Snowden cause grave and irrevocable harm to the nation], the new director of the NSA, Michael Rogers, said that, in fact, he doesn't see the sky falling. It's not so serious after all.

Some months after [Keith Alexander] made that statement [Edward Snowden cause grave and irrevocable harm to the nation], the new director of the NSA, Michael Rogers, said that, in fact, he doesn't see the sky falling. It's not so serious after all.

हमें यह तय करना होगा कि आतंकवाद कोई नया खतरा क्यों है। आतंकवाद तो हमेशा से रहा है।

We have to decide why terrorism is a new threat. There has always been terrorism.

We have to decide why terrorism is a new threat. There has always been terrorism.

पीपुल्स रिपब्लिक ऑफ चाइना के बावजूद हाँगकाँग की पहचान एक आजाद जगह की रही है। वहाँ बोलने की आजादी की एक मजबूत परंपरा रही है।

Hong Kong has a reputation for freedom in spite of the People's Republic of China. It has a strong tradition of free speech.

Hong Kong has a reputation for freedom in spite of the People's Republic of China. It has a strong tradition of free speech.

जहाँ तक साइबर संघर्षों की बात है—मान लीजिए अमेरिका और चीन के बीच, या यहाँ तक कि किसी मध्य पूर्वी, अफ्रीकी, लैटिन अमेरिकी या यूरोपीय देश के बीच—तो इसमें हमारा दाँव पर लगाने के लिए बहुत कुछ है।

When it comes to cyber conflicts between, say, America and China or even a Middle Eastern nation, an African nation, a Latin American nation, a European nation, we have more to lose.

When it comes to cyber conflicts between, say, America and China or even a Middle Eastern nation, an African nation, a Latin American nation, a European nation, we have more to lose.

इंटरनेट एक्सचेंज और इंटरनेट सर्विस प्रोवाइडर—अंतरराष्ट्रीय फाइबर ऑप्टिक लैंडिंग पॉइंट्स—ये वे मुख्य हथियार हैं जिनका इस्तेमाल सरकारें अपने सामूहिक निगरानी कार्यक्रमों को अंजाम देने के लिए करती हैं। यदि वे किसी एक व्यक्ति के बजाय पूरे देश की आबादी पर नजर रखना चाहती हैं, तो उन्हें इन बड़े डेटा एक्सचेंजों को अपने कब्जे में लेना ही होगा।

Internet exchanges and internet service providers - international fiber optic landing points - these are the key tools that governments go after in order to enable their programs of mass surveillance. If they want to be able to watch the entire population of a country instead of a single individual, you have to go after those bulk interchanges.

Internet exchanges and internet service providers - international fiber optic landing points - these are the key tools that governments go after in order to enable their programs of mass surveillance. If they want to be able to watch the entire population of a country instead of a single individual, you have to go after those bulk interchanges.

सवाल यह है कि विशेष रूप से 9/11 के बाद के दौर में, क्या समाज अधिक उदार हो रहे हैं या अधिक अधिनायकवादी?

The question is: Particularly in the post-9/11 era, are societies becoming more liberal or more authoritarian?

The question is: Particularly in the post-9/11 era, are societies becoming more liberal or more authoritarian?

जब हम बिना किसी ठोस आधार के सरकार के नए विशेषाधिकारों के दावे की बात करते हैं, तो हमें उनकी खामियों को देखने के लिए अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानूनों को देखने की भी जरूरत नहीं है।

When we talk about the assertion of basically new government privileges with weak or no justification, we don't even have to look at international law to see the failings in them.

When we talk about the assertion of basically new government privileges with weak or no justification, we don't even have to look at international law to see the failings in them.

राजनीतिक बदलाव लाने का मेरा अपना एक थोड़ा गुप्त तरीका है।

I have a somewhat sneaky way of effecting political change.

I have a somewhat sneaky way of effecting political change.

बुश प्रशासन की सबसे दुखद और हानिकारक विरासतों में से एक "राज्य के रहस्यों" (state secrets) के विशेषाधिकार का बढ़ता उपयोग है, जिसने ACLU जैसे संगठनों को अदालत में जाने से रोक दिया—जिनके पास उन लोगों के मामले थे जिन्हें वास्तव में प्रताड़ित किया गया था और अनिश्चित काल के लिए हिरासत में रखा गया था।

One of the saddest and most damaging legacies of the [George W.] Bush administration is the increased assertion of the "state secrets" privilege, which kept organizations like the ACLU - which had cases of people who had actually been tortured and held in indefinite detention - from getting their day in court.

One of the saddest and most damaging legacies of the [George W.] Bush administration is the increased assertion of the "state secrets" privilege, which kept organizations like the ACLU - which had cases of people who had actually been tortured and held in indefinite detention - from getting their day in court.

पैसे से बढ़कर भी बहुत कुछ है। अगर मुझे पैसे का लालच होता, तो मैं इन दस्तावेजों को कई देशों को बेचकर बहुत अमीर बन सकता था।

There are more important things than money. If I were motivated by money, I could have sold these documents to any number of countries and gotten very rich.

There are more important things than money. If I were motivated by money, I could have sold these documents to any number of countries and gotten very rich.

अगर मैंने किसी के साथ गद्दारी की है, तो वह सरकार थी, न कि जनता।

If I defected at all, I defected from the government to the public

If I defected at all, I defected from the government to the public

मुझे नहीं लगता कि मैं कभी घर वापस जा पाऊंगा।

I do not expect to see home again.

I do not expect to see home again.

एक जांच में उन विशिष्ट लोगों का पता चला जिन्होंने लाखों-करोड़ों संचारों की बिना वारंट टैपिंग को अधिकृत किया था, जिसके लिए दुनिया के इतिहास की सबसे लंबी सजाएं हो सकती थीं, लेकिन हमारे सबसे बड़े अधिकारी ने बस यह मांग की कि जांच रोक दी जाए। जब कानून के शासन का सम्मान ही नहीं किया जाता, तो यह मायने नहीं रखता कि किसे दोषी ठहराया जा सकता है। कानून आपके लिए बने हैं, उनके लिए नहीं।

An investigation found the specific people who authorized the warrantless wiretapping of millions and millions of communications, which per count would have resulted in the longest sentences in world history, and our highest official simply demanded the investigation be halted. Who "can" be brought up on charges is immaterial when the rule of law is not respected. Laws are meant for you, not for them.

An investigation found the specific people who authorized the warrantless wiretapping of millions and millions of communications, which per count would have resulted in the longest sentences in world history, and our highest official simply demanded the investigation be halted. Who "can" be brought up on charges is immaterial when the rule of law is not respected. Laws are meant for you, not for them.

हमारे लिए सवाल यह नहीं है कि अगली कहानी क्या सामने आएगी। सवाल यह है कि हम इसके बारे में क्या करने वाले हैं?

The question for us is not what new story will come out next. The question is, what are we going to do about it?

The question for us is not what new story will come out next. The question is, what are we going to do about it?

मैं छिपना नहीं चाहता। अगर मुझे गिरफ्तार किया जाता है, तो किया जाए।

I don't want to hide. If I get arrested, I get arrested.

I don't want to hide. If I get arrested, I get arrested.

ओसामा बिन लादेन की जासूसी करना ठीक है। मैं जानना चाहता हूँ कि वह क्या योजना बना रहा है - जाहिर है आजकल वह नहीं, लेकिन उस तरह की चीजें। मुझे परवाह नहीं है कि वह पोप है या बिन लादेन। जब तक जांचकर्ता किसी जज के पास जाते हैं - एक स्वतंत्र जज, एक असली जज, न कि कोई गुप्त जज - और वारंट जारी करने के लिए ठोस कारण पेश करते हैं, तब तक वे ऐसा कर सकते हैं। और इसे इसी तरह किया जाना चाहिए।

It's OK if we wiretap Osama bin Laden. I want to know what he's planning - obviously not him nowadays, but that kind of thing. I don't care if it's a pope or a bin Laden. As long as investigators must go to a judge - an independent judge, a real judge, not a secret judge - and make a showing that there's probable cause to issue a warrant, then they can do that. And that's how it should be done.

It's OK if we wiretap Osama bin Laden. I want to know what he's planning - obviously not him nowadays, but that kind of thing. I don't care if it's a pope or a bin Laden. As long as investigators must go to a judge - an independent judge, a real judge, not a secret judge - and make a showing that there's probable cause to issue a warrant, then they can do that. And that's how it should be done.

ऐसा लगता है कि समाज में खुफिया किस्म के लोगों के प्रति बिना किसी सवाल के आज्ञाकारिता विकसित हो गई है... क्या हम आज जिस स्थिति में हैं, वहां तक एक ऐसी ढलान से पहुंचे हैं जिसे रोकना हमारे नियंत्रण में था? या फिर यह एक अचानक आया बदलाव था जो सरकारी गोपनीयता के कारण चुपके से हम पर हावी हो गया?

Society really seems to have developed an unquestioning obedience towards spooky types… Did we get to where we are today via a slippery slope that was entirely within our control to stop? Or was it a relatively instantaneous sea change that sneaked in undetected because of pervasive government secrecy?

Society really seems to have developed an unquestioning obedience towards spooky types… Did we get to where we are today via a slippery slope that was entirely within our control to stop? Or was it a relatively instantaneous sea change that sneaked in undetected because of pervasive government secrecy?

राष्ट्रपति की शक्ति महत्वपूर्ण है, लेकिन यह निर्णायक नहीं है।

The power of the presidency is important, but it is not determinative.

The power of the presidency is important, but it is not determinative.

हमें यह स्वीकार करना होगा कि अधिकारों का उल्लंघन हो रहा है। संयुक्त राष्ट्र ने वास्तव में एक रिपोर्ट दायर की है जिसमें पाया गया कि सामूहिक निगरानी अधिकारों का उल्लंघन है।

We have to recognise that rights are being violated. The United Nations actually filed a report that found that that was the case, that mass surveillance is a violation of rights.

We have to recognise that rights are being violated. The United Nations actually filed a report that found that that was the case, that mass surveillance is a violation of rights.

हमने सरकार की ओर से पर्याप्त आपराधिकता देखी है। मेरे खिलाफ यह आरोप लगाना पाखंड है। उन्होंने सार्वजनिक प्रभाव के दायरे को सीमित कर दिया है।

We have seen enough criminality on the part of government. It is hypocritical to make this allegation against me. They have narrowed the public sphere of influence.

We have seen enough criminality on the part of government. It is hypocritical to make this allegation against me. They have narrowed the public sphere of influence.

अधिनायकवादी समाज का मानना था कि व्यक्ति के अधिकार मूल रूप से सरकारों द्वारा दिए जाते हैं और राज्यों द्वारा निर्धारित किए जाते हैं। दूसरा समाज - हमारा - यह मानता था कि हमारे अधिकांश अधिकार जन्मजात हैं और उन्हें सरकारें छीन नहीं सकतीं, भले ही ऐसा करना जरूरी क्यों न लगे।

The authoritarian one believed that an individual's rights were basically provided by governments and were determined by states. The other society - ours - tended to believe that a large portion of our rights were inherent and couldn't be abrogated by governments, even if this seemed necessary.

The authoritarian one believed that an individual's rights were basically provided by governments and were determined by states. The other society - ours - tended to believe that a large portion of our rights were inherent and couldn't be abrogated by governments, even if this seemed necessary.

कट्टरपंथ और अतिवाद, हालांकि वे खतरे हैं, लेकिन वे हर समाज में किसी न किसी स्तर पर मौजूद होते हैं।

Radicalism and extremism, while they are dangers, they exist in every society on some level.

Radicalism and extremism, while they are dangers, they exist in every society on some level.

[ब्राजील] ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र में जाकर कहा, "हमें इसके लिए नए मानकों की आवश्यकता है।" हमें यह देखने की जरूरत है कि वे जिसे "डेटा संप्रभुता" कह रहे हैं, वह क्या है।

[Brazil] went to the UN and said, "We need new standards for this." We need to take a look at what they're calling "data sovereignty."

[Brazil] went to the UN and said, "We need new standards for this." We need to take a look at what they're calling "data sovereignty."

व्यक्तियों के पास ऐसे अंतरराष्ट्रीय कर्तव्य होते हैं जो राष्ट्रीय आज्ञाकारिता के दायित्वों से ऊपर होते हैं। इसलिए, नागरिकों का यह कर्तव्य है कि वे शांति और मानवता के खिलाफ होने वाले अपराधों को रोकने के लिए घरेलू कानूनों का उल्लंघन करें।

Individuals have international duties which transcend the national obligations of obedience. Therefore individual citizens have the duty to violate domestic laws to prevent crimes against peace and humanity from occurring.

Individuals have international duties which transcend the national obligations of obedience. Therefore individual citizens have the duty to violate domestic laws to prevent crimes against peace and humanity from occurring.

हमारे पास सड़क के उस पार सीआईए का एक स्टेशन है - हांगकांग में वाणिज्य दूतावास - और मुझे यकीन है कि वे अगले एक हफ्ते तक व्यस्त रहने वाले हैं। और यह एक ऐसी चिंता है जिसके साथ मैं अपने बाकी जीवन भर रहूंगा, चाहे वह जीवन कितना भी लंबा क्यों न हो।

We have got a CIA station just up the road – the consulate here in Hong Kong – and I am sure they are going to be busy for the next week. And that is a concern I will live with for the rest of my life, however long that happens to be.

We have got a CIA station just up the road – the consulate here in Hong Kong – and I am sure they are going to be busy for the next week. And that is a concern I will live with for the rest of my life, however long that happens to be.

आतंकवाद से मरने वालों की संख्या सिगरेट, शराब या सड़क दुर्घटनाओं से मरने वालों की तुलना में बहुत कम है। लेकिन हम उन खतरों को दूर करने के लिए समाज और जीवन को पुनर्गठित करते हुए नहीं दिखते।

Terrorism kills far fewer people than cigarettes, or alcohol, or car accidents. But we don't see ourselves restructuring society and lives in order to make those threats go away.

Terrorism kills far fewer people than cigarettes, or alcohol, or car accidents. But we don't see ourselves restructuring society and lives in order to make those threats go away.

वास्तविकता यह है कि अगर हम चुपचाप बैठे रहे और कुछ अधिकारियों को बंद कमरों में बिना किसी निगरानी के विदेशी राष्ट्रों, उन लोगों के खिलाफ जिन्हें हम पसंद नहीं करते, राजनीतिक समूहों, कट्टरपंथियों और चरमपंथियों के खिलाफ आक्रामक हमले करने की अनुमति दी - जिनके विचारों से हम सहमत नहीं हो सकते, जो घृणित या हिंसक भी हो सकते हैं - अगर हम जनता की सहमति के बिना ऐसा होने देते हैं, तो हमारे पास सरकार में यह तय करने का कोई अधिकार नहीं होगा कि क्या इन अधिकारियों के लिए हमें किसी ऐसे युद्ध में घसीटना उचित है जिसे हम नहीं चाहते, लेकिन जिसके बारे में हमें उस समय पता भी नहीं था।

The reality is if we sit back and allow a few officials behind closed doors to launch offensive attacks without any oversight against foreign nations, against people we don't like, against political groups, radicals, and extremists whose ideas we may not agree with, and could be repulsive or even violent - if we let that happen without public buy-in, we won't have any seat at the table of government to decide whether or not it's appropriate for these officials to drag us into some kind of war activity that we don't want, but we weren't aware of at the time.

The reality is if we sit back and allow a few officials behind closed doors to launch offensive attacks without any oversight against foreign nations, against people we don't like, against political groups, radicals, and extremists whose ideas we may not agree with, and could be repulsive or even violent - if we let that happen without public buy-in, we won't have any seat at the table of government to decide whether or not it's appropriate for these officials to drag us into some kind of war activity that we don't want, but we weren't aware of at the time.

नया आईफोन एन्क्रिप्शन उन्हें आपकी तस्वीरों या उन चीजों तक पहुंचने से नहीं रोकता है जो उदाहरण के लिए एप्पल की क्लाउड सेवा पर अपलोड की गई हैं, जो अभी भी कानूनी रूप से सुलभ हैं क्योंकि वे एन्क्रिप्टेड नहीं हैं। यह केवल उसी चीज की सुरक्षा करता है जो भौतिक रूप से फोन के अंदर है।

The new iPhone encryption does not stop them from accessing copies of your pictures or whatever that are uploaded to, for example, Apple's cloud service, which are still legally accessible because those are not encrypted. It only protects what's physically on the phone.

The new iPhone encryption does not stop them from accessing copies of your pictures or whatever that are uploaded to, for example, Apple's cloud service, which are still legally accessible because those are not encrypted. It only protects what's physically on the phone.

मैंने सरकार से कहा था कि मैं जेल जाने के लिए तैयार हूँ, बशर्ते इसका कोई सार्थक उद्देश्य हो।

I told the government I'd volunteer for prison, as long as it served the right purpose.

I told the government I'd volunteer for prison, as long as it served the right purpose.

हमें साइबर क्षेत्र में भी उसी तरह की अनुचित और बेजा प्रतिक्रियाओं को नकारने में सक्षम होना चाहिए, जैसे हम भौतिक दुनिया में करते हैं।

We have to be able to reject disproportionate and unjustified responses in the cyber domain just as we do in the physical domain.

We have to be able to reject disproportionate and unjustified responses in the cyber domain just as we do in the physical domain.

एनएसए (NSA) और यूके के जीसीएचक्यू (GCHQ) के वकील कानूनों और संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों में ऐसे लूपहोल ढूँढने के लिए कड़ी मेहनत करते हैं, जिनका इस्तेमाल वे अंधाधुंध और व्यापक निगरानी अभियानों को सही ठहराने के लिए कर सकें, जिन्हें कानून निर्माताओं ने शायद अनजाने में ही मंजूरी दी थी।

Lawyers from the NSA, as well as the UK's GCHQ, work very hard to search for loopholes in laws and constitutional protections that they can use to justify indiscriminate, dragnet surveillance operations that were at best unwittingly authorized by lawmakers.

Lawyers from the NSA, as well as the UK's GCHQ, work very hard to search for loopholes in laws and constitutional protections that they can use to justify indiscriminate, dragnet surveillance operations that were at best unwittingly authorized by lawmakers.

इस कहानी पर प्रतिक्रिया देते हुए किसी ने कहा कि 'असली जासूस ऐसी बातें नहीं करते'। खैर, मैं एक जासूस हूँ और वे बिल्कुल ऐसी ही बातें करते हैं। जब भी हमारे दफ्तर में अपराधों से निपटने के तरीके पर बहस होती थी, तो वे उचित कानूनी प्रक्रिया का बचाव नहीं करते थे - वे निर्णायक कार्रवाई का समर्थन करते थे। उनका कहना होता था कि इन लोगों को अदालत में पेश करने के बजाय विमान से बाहर फेंक देना बेहतर है। यह सामान्य तौर पर एक अधिनायकवादी मानसिकता है।

Someone responding to the story said 'real spies do not speak like that'. Well, I am a spy and that is how they talk. Whenever we had a debate in the office on how to handle crimes, they do not defend due process - they defend decisive action. They say it is better to kick someone out of a plane than let these people have a day in court. It is an authoritarian mindset in general.

Someone responding to the story said 'real spies do not speak like that'. Well, I am a spy and that is how they talk. Whenever we had a debate in the office on how to handle crimes, they do not defend due process - they defend decisive action. They say it is better to kick someone out of a plane than let these people have a day in court. It is an authoritarian mindset in general.

मुझे लगता है कि जनता अभी भी इस बात से अनजान है कि प्रेस में जिसे साइबर-हमले कहा जा रहा है, उनका इस्तेमाल दुनिया भर की सरकारें कितनी बार कर रही हैं, न कि सिर्फ अमेरिका।

I think the public still isn't aware of the frequency with which the cyber-attacks, as they're being called in the press, are being used by governments around the world, not just the US.

I think the public still isn't aware of the frequency with which the cyber-attacks, as they're being called in the press, are being used by governments around the world, not just the US.

क्या हम चीन की तरह बनना चाहते हैं, जिस तरह चीन पश्चिम की नकल करता है? मुझे लगता है कि अधिकांश अमेरिकियों के लिए इसका जवाब 'नहीं' होगा।

Do we want to emulate China in the way that China emulates the West? I think, for most Americans, the answer to that question would be no.

Do we want to emulate China in the way that China emulates the West? I think, for most Americans, the answer to that question would be no.

हमारे पास पारंपरिक राजनीतिक दल हैं जो आम लोगों की जरूरतों के प्रति कम से कम संवेदनशील होते जा रहे हैं, इसलिए लोग अपने मूल्यों की तलाश में हैं।

We have these traditional political parties that are less and less responsive to the needs of ordinary people, so people are in search of their own values.

We have these traditional political parties that are less and less responsive to the needs of ordinary people, so people are in search of their own values.

जब हम पिछले एक दशक में व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता के हनन और पिछले साल के खुलासों के संदर्भ में सोचते हैं, तो यह निगरानी के बारे में नहीं है। यह स्वतंत्रता के बारे में है।

When we think in the context of the last decade's infringements upon personal liberty and the last year's revelations, it's not about surveillance. It's about liberty.

When we think in the context of the last decade's infringements upon personal liberty and the last year's revelations, it's not about surveillance. It's about liberty.

खुफिया समुदाय को नाराज न करने का एक राजनीतिक निर्णय लिया गया है। जासूसी एजेंसियां वास्तव में शर्मिंदा हैं, वे बहुत आहत हैं - इन खुलासों ने उनकी रहस्यमयी छवि को गहरी चोट पहुंचाई है। पिछले दस वर्षों से, उन्हें 'जीरो डार्क थर्टी' जैसा सम्मान मिल रहा था - वे नायक बने हुए थे। निगरानी के खुलासों ने उन्हें वापस 'बिग ब्रदर' जैसी नकारात्मक छवि में ला खड़ा किया है, और उन्हें यह बिल्कुल पसंद नहीं है।

A political decision has been made not to irritate the intelligence community. The spy agencies are really embarrassed, they're really sore - the revelations really hurt their mystique. The last ten years, they were getting the Zero Dark Thirty treatment - they're the heroes. The surveillance revelations bring them back to Big Brother kind of narratives, and they don't like that at all.

A political decision has been made not to irritate the intelligence community. The spy agencies are really embarrassed, they're really sore - the revelations really hurt their mystique. The last ten years, they were getting the Zero Dark Thirty treatment - they're the heroes. The surveillance revelations bring them back to Big Brother kind of narratives, and they don't like that at all.

एनएसए के विदेश मामलों के विभाग (FAD) की प्रमुख गतिविधियों में से एक यूरोपीय संघ के सदस्य देशों पर दबाव डालना या उन्हें प्रोत्साहित करना है ताकि वे अपने कानूनों में बदलाव करें और सामूहिक निगरानी को संभव बना सकें।

One of the foremost activities of the NSA's FAD, or Foreign Affairs Division, is to pressure or incentivize EU member states to change their laws to enable mass surveillance.

One of the foremost activities of the NSA's FAD, or Foreign Affairs Division, is to pressure or incentivize EU member states to change their laws to enable mass surveillance.

यदि हम अमेरिका को यह मिसाल कायम करने देते हैं कि लोगों की जानकारी की सुरक्षा के मामले में राष्ट्रीय सीमाएं मायने नहीं रखतीं, तो दूसरे देश भी देख रहे हैं। वे हमारे उदाहरणों और डिजिटल जानकारी से निपटने के मामले में क्या मानक व्यवहार है, इस पर ध्यान दे रहे हैं।

If we allow the United States to set the precedent that national borders don't matter when it comes to the protection of people's information, other countries are watching. They're paying attention to our examples and what is normative behavior in terms of dealing with digital information.

If we allow the United States to set the precedent that national borders don't matter when it comes to the protection of people's information, other countries are watching. They're paying attention to our examples and what is normative behavior in terms of dealing with digital information.

सरकारी अधिकारियों ने कहा कि वे चाहते थे - उन्हें खुशी होगी, उन्हें बहुत अच्छा लगेगा अगर वे मेरे सिर में गोली मार सकें, मुझे किराने की दुकान से लौटते समय जहर दे सकें, और मुझे शॉवर में मरते हुए देख सकें।

Acting Government officials, they said they wanted - they would be happy, they would love to put a bullet in my head, to poison me as I was returning from the grocery store, and have me die in the shower.

Acting Government officials, they said they wanted - they would be happy, they would love to put a bullet in my head, to poison me as I was returning from the grocery store, and have me die in the shower.

हम एक प्रतिनिधि लोकतंत्र हैं। लेकिन हम यहाँ तक कैसे पहुँचे? हम प्रत्यक्ष कार्रवाई के माध्यम से यहाँ पहुँचे। और यह हमारे संविधान और हमारे मूल्यों में निहित है।

We are a representative democracy. But how did we get there? We got there through direct action. And that's enshrined in our Constitution and in our values.

We are a representative democracy. But how did we get there? We got there through direct action. And that's enshrined in our Constitution and in our values.

हमें अपनी दुनिया की वास्तविकता का सामना करना होगा और कठिन निर्णय लेने होंगे कि हम किस दिशा में आगे बढ़ना चाहते हैं।

We have to confront the reality of our world, and make the hard decisions about which way we want to move forward.

We have to confront the reality of our world, and make the hard decisions about which way we want to move forward.

तकनीक हमें सरकारों से इतर अपने अधिकारों को लागू करने, नागरिक स्वतंत्रता की सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के साधन प्रदान करती है, चाहे कानून कुछ भी कहे, बस प्रणालियों और मानकों को लागू करके।

Technology provides us means outside of governments to begin enforcing our rights, enforcing protection of civil liberties, regardless of law, through the implementation of systems and standards.

Technology provides us means outside of governments to begin enforcing our rights, enforcing protection of civil liberties, regardless of law, through the implementation of systems and standards.

मुझे संतोष होगा अगर गुप्त कानूनों, असमान क्षमादान और असीमित कार्यकारी शक्तियों का वह तंत्र, जो उस दुनिया पर शासन करता है जिसे मैं प्यार करता हूँ, एक पल के लिए ही सही, उजागर हो जाए।

I will be satisfied if the federation of secret law, unequal pardon and irresistible executive powers that rule the world that I love are revealed even for an instant.

I will be satisfied if the federation of secret law, unequal pardon and irresistible executive powers that rule the world that I love are revealed even for an instant.

[जॉर्ज डब्ल्यू] बुश प्रशासन ने एक बहुत ही गंभीर और गहरा नकारात्मक मोड़ लिया - न केवल राष्ट्र के लिए, बल्कि अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यवस्था के लिए भी, क्योंकि हमने "जिसकी लाठी उसकी भैंस" (might makes right) के विचार पर शासन करना शुरू कर दिया। और यह एक बहुत पुराना, जहरीला और संक्रामक विचार है।

The [George W.] Bush administration marked a very serious and profoundly negative turning point - not just for the nation, but for the international order, because we started to govern on the idea of "might makes right." And that's a very old, toxic and infectious idea.

The [George W.] Bush administration marked a very serious and profoundly negative turning point - not just for the nation, but for the international order, because we started to govern on the idea of "might makes right." And that's a very old, toxic and infectious idea.

आपको एक नागरिक के रूप में अपने अधिकारों को सही ठहराने की आवश्यकता नहीं है - यह जिम्मेदारी के मॉडल को उल्टा कर देता है। सरकार को आपके अधिकारों में अपने हस्तक्षेप को सही ठहराना चाहिए। यदि आप यह कहकर अपने अधिकारों का बचाव करना बंद कर देते हैं कि, "मुझे इस संदर्भ में इनकी आवश्यकता नहीं है" या "मैं इसे समझ नहीं सकता," तो वे अधिकार नहीं रह जाते।

You don't need to justify your rights as a citizen - that inverts the model of responsibility. The government must justify its intrusion into your rights. If you stop defending your rights by saying, "I don't need them in this context" or "I can't understand this," they are no longer rights.

You don't need to justify your rights as a citizen - that inverts the model of responsibility. The government must justify its intrusion into your rights. If you stop defending your rights by saying, "I don't need them in this context" or "I can't understand this," they are no longer rights.

मुझे मंच नहीं चाहिए। मैं इन टीवी पर बोलने वाले विशेषज्ञों को कोई ध्यान भटकाने का मौका देने, या किसी महत्वपूर्ण आंदोलन को खतरे में डालने, बदनाम करने और उसकी वैधता को खत्म करने का बहाना देने से डरता हूँ।

I don't want the stage. I'm terrified of giving these talking heads some distraction, some excuse to jeopardize, smear, and delegitimize a very important movement.

I don't want the stage. I'm terrified of giving these talking heads some distraction, some excuse to jeopardize, smear, and delegitimize a very important movement.

हम हर जगह हर किसी को हैक करते हैं। हम अपने और दूसरों के बीच अंतर करना पसंद करते हैं। लेकिन हम दुनिया के लगभग हर देश में मौजूद हैं। हम इन देशों के साथ युद्ध में नहीं हैं।

We hack everyone everywhere. We like to make a distinction between us and the others. But we are in almost every country in the world. We are not at war with these countries.

We hack everyone everywhere. We like to make a distinction between us and the others. But we are in almost every country in the world. We are not at war with these countries.

यही कुंजी है - स्वतंत्रता के बगीचे को बनाए रखना, है ना? यह एक पीढ़ीगत काम है जिसे हम सभी को लगातार करना होगा। हमारे पास केवल वही अधिकार हैं जिनकी हम रक्षा करते हैं। इससे कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता कि हम क्या कहते हैं या क्या सोचते हैं कि हमारे पास है। किसी चीज में विश्वास करना ही काफी नहीं है; यह मायने रखता है कि हम वास्तव में किसका बचाव करते हैं।

That's the key - to maintain the garden of liberty, right? This is a generational thing that we must all do continuously. We only have the rights that we protect. It doesn't matter what we say or think we have. It's not enough to believe in something; it matters what we actually defend.

That's the key - to maintain the garden of liberty, right? This is a generational thing that we must all do continuously. We only have the rights that we protect. It doesn't matter what we say or think we have. It's not enough to believe in something; it matters what we actually defend.

मैं जासूस नहीं हूँ, जो कि असली सवाल है।

I'm not a spy, which is the real question

I'm not a spy, which is the real question

नए आईफोन में एन्क्रिप्शन है जो फोन की सामग्री की सुरक्षा करता है। इसका मतलब है कि अगर कोई आपका फोन चुरा लेता है - अगर कोई हैकर या कोई और आपके फोन की इमेज ले लेता है - तो वे फोन पर मौजूद चीजों को नहीं पढ़ सकते, वे आपकी तस्वीरें नहीं देख सकते, वे आपके द्वारा भेजे गए टेक्स्ट संदेशों को नहीं देख सकते, आदि। लेकिन अगर उन्हें लगता है कि आप किसी अपहरण के मामले में शामिल हैं, तो यह कानून प्रवर्तन एजेंसियों को फोन पर जियोलोकेशन के माध्यम से आपकी गतिविधियों को ट्रैक करने से नहीं रोकता है।

The new iPhone has encryption that protects the contents of the phone. This means if someone steals your phone - if a hacker or something images your phone - they can't read what's on the phone itself, they can't look at your pictures, they can't see the text messages you send, and so forth. But it does not stop law enforcement from tracking your movements via geolocation on the phone if they think you are involved in a kidnapping case, for example.

The new iPhone has encryption that protects the contents of the phone. This means if someone steals your phone - if a hacker or something images your phone - they can't read what's on the phone itself, they can't look at your pictures, they can't see the text messages you send, and so forth. But it does not stop law enforcement from tracking your movements via geolocation on the phone if they think you are involved in a kidnapping case, for example.

जब मैं पोलिंग (जनमत सर्वेक्षण) की बात करता हूँ, तो मैं सिद्धांतों की बात कर रहा हूँ। यह दिखाता है कि ये अधिकारी जानबूझकर जनमत को बदलने की कोशिश कर रहे हैं, भले ही वे जानते हों कि जो वे कह रहे हैं वह तथ्यात्मक नहीं है।

When I talk about the polling, I'm talking about the principles. It shows these officials are knowingly attempting to shift public opinion, even though they know what they say is not factual.

When I talk about the polling, I'm talking about the principles. It shows these officials are knowingly attempting to shift public opinion, even though they know what they say is not factual.

हम अक्सर भूल जाते हैं कि सामाजिक और राजनीतिक आंदोलन रातों-रात नहीं होते। वे तुरंत बदलाव नहीं लाते - आपको मुद्दों की समझ का एक महत्वपूर्ण आधार तैयार करना पड़ता है।

Too often we forget that social and political movements don't happen overnight. They don't bring change immediately - you have to build a critical mass of understanding of the issues.

Too often we forget that social and political movements don't happen overnight. They don't bring change immediately - you have to build a critical mass of understanding of the issues.

हम तेजी से देख रहे हैं कि ये अति-पक्षपाती साइटें बड़ी होती जा रही हैं क्योंकि लोग खुद को समुदायों में बांट रहे हैं।

Increasingly we're seeing these ultra-partisan sites getting larger and larger readerships because people are self-selecting themselves into communities.

Increasingly we're seeing these ultra-partisan sites getting larger and larger readerships because people are self-selecting themselves into communities.

मेरे लिए देशभक्ति की परिभाषा यह है कि व्यक्ति अपने देश की ओर से कार्य करने के लिए आगे आए।

What defines patriotism, for me, is the idea that one rises to act on behalf of one's country.

What defines patriotism, for me, is the idea that one rises to act on behalf of one's country.

हमें एन्क्रिप्शन को किसी रहस्यमयी, काली कला के रूप में नहीं देखना चाहिए। यह एक बुनियादी सुरक्षा है।

We need to think about encryption not as this sort of arcane, black art. It's a basic protection.

We need to think about encryption not as this sort of arcane, black art. It's a basic protection.

इंटरनेट एक्सचेंज वे मुख्य बिंदु हैं जहाँ सभी अंतरराष्ट्रीय केबल एक साथ आते हैं, जहाँ सभी इंटरनेट सेवा प्रदाता एक साथ आते हैं, और वे एक-दूसरे के साथ लाइनें साझा करते हैं। ये किसी भी जासूसी एजेंसी के लिए प्राथमिकता वाले लक्ष्य होते हैं, क्योंकि वे बहुत सारे लोगों के संचार तक पहुंच प्रदान करते हैं।

The internet exchange is sort of the core points where all of the international cables come together, where all of the internet service providers come together, and they trade lines with each other. These are priority one targets for any sort of espionage agency, because they provide access to so many people's communications.

The internet exchange is sort of the core points where all of the international cables come together, where all of the internet service providers come together, and they trade lines with each other. These are priority one targets for any sort of espionage agency, because they provide access to so many people's communications.

यह देखना दिलचस्प है कि चीजें कैसे बदल गई हैं। मूल रूप से, हर बार जब अमेरिकी सरकार संडे-मॉर्निंग टॉक शो के मंच से उतरती है, तो निगरानी के खुलासों के लिए औसत अमेरिकी का समर्थन बढ़ता जाता है।

It's fascinating to see how things have changed. Basically, every time the US government gets off the soapbox of the Sunday-morning talk shows, the average American's support for the surveillance revelations grows.

It's fascinating to see how things have changed. Basically, every time the US government gets off the soapbox of the Sunday-morning talk shows, the average American's support for the surveillance revelations grows.

मैंने ऐसी चीजें देखीं जो उस हद तक पहुँच गई थीं कि मैं अब अपने विवेक के साथ उनका हिस्सा नहीं बना रह सकता था। मैंने बस वही किया जो मैं कर सकता था ताकि जनता यह बेहतर फैसला ले सके कि क्या इन चीजों को जारी रहना चाहिए या नहीं।

I saw things that reached a point that I could no longer conscientiously participate with them. And I simply do what I could to allow the public to make a better decision about whether or not these things should continue.

I saw things that reached a point that I could no longer conscientiously participate with them. And I simply do what I could to allow the public to make a better decision about whether or not these things should continue.

लोग कहते हैं कि मैं एक सेलिब्रिटी हूँ, लेकिन मुझे तो सिर्फ नागरिक अधिकारों के समर्थकों के लिए ऑटोग्राफ देने पड़े हैं। और मैं अदालती आदेशों पर हस्ताक्षर करता हूँ।

People say that [i'm a celebrity], but I've only had to sign autographs for "civ-libs" types. And I autograph court orders.

People say that [i'm a celebrity], but I've only had to sign autographs for "civ-libs" types. And I autograph court orders.

मेरे प्रत्यर्पण का एकमात्र तरीका उस सिद्धांत के माध्यम से हो सकता है जिसे मेरे वकील "कानून पर राजनीति भारी" कहते हैं।

The only way I could be extradited is through the principle of what my lawyers call "politics trumps law."

The only way I could be extradited is through the principle of what my lawyers call "politics trumps law."

क्रिप्टो-युद्धों के समय एनएसए वास्तव में अमेरिकी सुरक्षा को बेहतर बनाने के बारे में चिंतित थी। आजकल, हम देखते हैं कि उनकी प्राथमिकता हमारी सुरक्षा को कमजोर करना है, सिर्फ इसलिए ताकि उन्हें हम पर नजर रखने का बेहतर मौका मिल सके।

The NSA was actually concerned back in the time of the crypto-wars with improving American security. Nowadays, we see that their priority is weakening our security, just so they have a better chance of keeping an eye on us.

The NSA was actually concerned back in the time of the crypto-wars with improving American security. Nowadays, we see that their priority is weakening our security, just so they have a better chance of keeping an eye on us.

जहाँ तक मेरी व्यक्तिगत राजनीति की बात है, कुछ लोग सोचते हैं कि मैं कोई कट्टर उदारवादी या अति-रूढ़िवादी हूँ।

As for my personal politics, some people seem to think I'm some kind of archlibertarian, a hyper-conservative.

As for my personal politics, some people seem to think I'm some kind of archlibertarian, a hyper-conservative.

अगर कानून के सवाल पर आएँ, तो मेरे खिलाफ लगाए गए आरोप - जासूसी अधिनियम - को सर्वोत्कृष्ट राजनीतिक अपराध कहा जाता है। कानूनी शब्दों में, राजनीतिक अपराध को किसी व्यक्ति के खिलाफ नहीं, बल्कि राज्य के खिलाफ किए गए अपराध के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है। उदाहरण के लिए, हत्या एक राजनीतिक अपराध नहीं है क्योंकि आपने किसी व्यक्ति की जान ली है, उसे नुकसान पहुँचाया है; उसके परिवार को नुकसान पहुँचाया है। लेकिन राज्य को नुकसान पहुँचाने के लिए आपका प्रत्यर्पण नहीं किया जा सकता।

If it comes to a question of law, the charges they brought against me - the Espionage Act - is called the quintessential political crime. A political crime, in legal terms, is defined as any crime against a state, as opposed to against an individual. Assassination, for example, is not a political crime because you've killed a person, an individual, and they've been harmed; their family's been harmed. But the state itself, you can't be extradited for harming it.

If it comes to a question of law, the charges they brought against me - the Espionage Act - is called the quintessential political crime. A political crime, in legal terms, is defined as any crime against a state, as opposed to against an individual. Assassination, for example, is not a political crime because you've killed a person, an individual, and they've been harmed; their family's been harmed. But the state itself, you can't be extradited for harming it.

अमेरिका को इंटरनेट पर तनाव कम करना चाहिए, इसे एक अधिक विश्वसनीय और सुरक्षित वातावरण बनाना चाहिए, क्योंकि यही हमारी अर्थव्यवस्था और हमारे भविष्य की नींव है।

America should be cooling down the tensions in the internet, making it a more trusted environment, making it a more secure environment, making it a more reliable environment, because that's the foundation of our economy and our future.

America should be cooling down the tensions in the internet, making it a more trusted environment, making it a more secure environment, making it a more reliable environment, because that's the foundation of our economy and our future.

हमने नेशनल सिक्योरिटी एजेंसी के पारंपरिक काम से एक बदलाव देखा है। वे एक तरह की राष्ट्रीय हैकिंग एजेंसी और निगरानी एजेंसी बन गए हैं। और वे इस तथ्य को भूल गए हैं कि वे जो कुछ भी करते हैं, उसका उद्देश्य एक राष्ट्र और समाज के रूप में हमें अधिक सुरक्षित बनाना है।

We've seen a departure from the traditional work of the National Security Agency. They've become sort of the national hacking agency, the national surveillance agency. And they've lost sight of the fact that everything they do is supposed to make us more secure as a nation and a society.

We've seen a departure from the traditional work of the National Security Agency. They've become sort of the national hacking agency, the national surveillance agency. And they've lost sight of the fact that everything they do is supposed to make us more secure as a nation and a society.

जब हम कंप्यूटर नेटवर्क के शोषण या हमले की बात करते हैं, तो हम सिर्फ आपके घर के पीसी की बात नहीं कर रहे हैं। हम आपके सेल फोन और इंटरनेट राउटर की भी बात कर रहे हैं। एनएसए इंटरनेट के महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी ढांचे पर हमला कर रहा है ताकि उस पर अपना नियंत्रण जमा सके। वे उन राउटर्स को हैक करते हैं जो देशों को इंटरनेट से जोड़ते हैं।

When we talk about computer network exploitation, computer network attack, we're not just talking about your home PC. We're talking about your cell phone, and we're also talking about internet routers themselves. The NSA is attacking the critical infrastructure of the internet to try to take ownership of it. They hack the routers that connect nations to the internet itself.

When we talk about computer network exploitation, computer network attack, we're not just talking about your home PC. We're talking about your cell phone, and we're also talking about internet routers themselves. The NSA is attacking the critical infrastructure of the internet to try to take ownership of it. They hack the routers that connect nations to the internet itself.

इंटरनेट पूरी दुनिया के लिए एक साझा महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी ढांचा है। इसे युद्ध का मैदान नहीं होना चाहिए। हमें अमेरिकी अर्थव्यवस्था को युद्ध की अग्रिम पंक्ति में नहीं झोंकना चाहिए।

The internet is shared critical infrastructure for everyone on earth. It's not supposed to be a domain of warfare. We're not supposed to be putting the Unied States' economy on the frontlines in the battleground.

The internet is shared critical infrastructure for everyone on earth. It's not supposed to be a domain of warfare. We're not supposed to be putting the Unied States' economy on the frontlines in the battleground.

अमेरिका को इंटरनेट प्रक्रियाओं, नीतियों और वास्तविक कानूनों को लागू करने की आवश्यकता है जो उचित सीमा से बाहर जाने पर रोक लगाएं, ताकि हम और दुनिया भर के अन्य देश इन अधिकारों का उपयोग केवल तभी करें जब यह बिल्कुल आवश्यक हो।

The United States need to put internet processes, policies, and procedures in place with real laws that forbid going beyond the borders of what's reasonable to ensure that the only time that we and other countries around the world exercise these authorities are when it is absolutely necessary.

The United States need to put internet processes, policies, and procedures in place with real laws that forbid going beyond the borders of what's reasonable to ensure that the only time that we and other countries around the world exercise these authorities are when it is absolutely necessary.

अमेरिका में विफल किए गए अधिकांश आतंकवादी हमलों का कारण बड़े पैमाने पर निगरानी कार्यक्रम या साइबर-जासूसी नहीं, बल्कि टाइम स्क्वायर बमवर्षक जैसा मामला था, जिसे एक हॉटडॉग विक्रेता ने पकड़ा था।

The majority of terrorist attacks that have been disrupted in the United States have been disrupted due to things like the Time Square bomber, who was caught by a hotdog vendor, not a mass surveillance program, not a cyber-espionage campaign.

The majority of terrorist attacks that have been disrupted in the United States have been disrupted due to things like the Time Square bomber, who was caught by a hotdog vendor, not a mass surveillance program, not a cyber-espionage campaign.

चीनी प्रणालियों पर हमला करने में हमारे लिए ज्यादा कुछ नहीं है। हम शायद कुछ कंप्यूटर या कोई फैक्ट्री बंद कर दें। हम शायद विश्वविद्यालय के शोध कार्यक्रमों से रहस्य चुरा लें, यहाँ तक कि कुछ हाई-टेक भी। लेकिन अमेरिका चीन की तुलना में अनुसंधान और विकास पर कितना अधिक खर्च करता है?

There's not much value to us attacking Chinese systems. We might take a few computers offline. We might take a factory offline. We might steal secrets from a university research programs, and even something high-tech. But how much more does the United States spend on research and development than China does?

There's not much value to us attacking Chinese systems. We might take a few computers offline. We might take a factory offline. We might steal secrets from a university research programs, and even something high-tech. But how much more does the United States spend on research and development than China does?

एक व्हिसलब्लोअर के रूप में मुझे माफ किया जाना चाहिए या नहीं, यह सवाल मेरे जवाब देने के लिए नहीं है।

The question of whether I, as a whistleblower, should be pardoned, is not for me to answer.

The question of whether I, as a whistleblower, should be pardoned, is not for me to answer.

असमानता को लोगों की चेतना में लाना महत्वपूर्ण था। अब 2014 और 2016 के चुनावों पर बात करने वाले सभी राजनीतिक पंडित असमानता की ही बात कर रहे हैं।

Getting inequality out there into the consciousness was important. All these political pundits now talking about the 2014 and 2016 elections are talking about inequality.

Getting inequality out there into the consciousness was important. All these political pundits now talking about the 2014 and 2016 elections are talking about inequality.

कांग्रेस में ये अध्यक्ष "गैंग ऑफ एट" का हिस्सा हैं। उन्हें हर गुप्त कार्यक्रम के बारे में जानकारी दी जाती है। उन्हें पता होता है कि सारी गड़बड़ियाँ कहाँ छिपी हैं। साथ ही, उन्हें रक्षा ठेकेदारों, खुफिया निगमों और निजी सैन्य कंपनियों से किसी और की तुलना में कहीं अधिक चुनावी चंदा मिलता है।

The chairs [in Congress] are part of the "Gang of Eight." They get briefed on every covert-action program and everything like that. They know where all the bodies are buried. At the same time, they get far more campaign donations than anybody else from defense contractors, from intelligence corporations, from private military companies.

The chairs [in Congress] are part of the "Gang of Eight." They get briefed on every covert-action program and everything like that. They know where all the bodies are buried. At the same time, they get far more campaign donations than anybody else from defense contractors, from intelligence corporations, from private military companies.

मुझे लगता है कि संचार को सुरक्षित रखना, कम से कम जब वे प्रसारित हो रहे हों, दुनिया के हर देश में कानून लागू करने से कहीं ज्यादा आसान है कि आप ऐसा नहीं कर सकते।

It's much easier, I think, to protect communications while they're in transit at least, than it is to enforce legislation in every country in the world to say that you can't do this.

It's much easier, I think, to protect communications while they're in transit at least, than it is to enforce legislation in every country in the world to say that you can't do this.

2008 में बहुत से लोगों ने ओबामा को वोट दिया था। मैंने उन्हें वोट नहीं दिया था। मैंने एक तीसरे पक्ष को वोट दिया था। लेकिन मुझे ओबामा के वादों पर भरोसा था। उन्होंने अपने पूर्ववर्ती की नीतियों को ही जारी रखा।

A lot of people in 2008 voted for Obama. I did not vote for him. I voted for a third party. But I believed in Obama's promises. He continued with the policies of his predecessor.

A lot of people in 2008 voted for Obama. I did not vote for him. I voted for a third party. But I believed in Obama's promises. He continued with the policies of his predecessor.

यह दिलचस्प है कि जो लोग मोहभंग होने पर अपने ही संगठनों के खिलाफ विरोध करते हैं, उनमें से बहुत से लोग ऐसे होते हैं जिन्होंने पहले उनमें योगदान दिया होता है और फिर देखा होता है कि उनका दुरुपयोग कैसे किया गया।

It is interesting that so many people who become disenchanted, who protest against their own organizations, are people who contributed something to them and then saw how it was misused.

It is interesting that so many people who become disenchanted, who protest against their own organizations, are people who contributed something to them and then saw how it was misused.

वे दुनिया की हर बातचीत और हर व्यवहार को जानने के लिए आमादा हैं।

They are intent on making every conversation and every form of behaviour in the world known to them.

They are intent on making every conversation and every form of behaviour in the world known to them.

ऐसे समय में जब सरकारी शक्ति बढ़ रही है और उस पर अंकुश लगाना कठिन होता जा रहा है, हम अपने नागरिक अधिकारों और उदार लोकतंत्र की परंपराओं को कैसे बचाएं?

How do we preserve our civil rights, our traditions as a liberal democracy, in a time when government power is expanding and is more and more difficult to check?

How do we preserve our civil rights, our traditions as a liberal democracy, in a time when government power is expanding and is more and more difficult to check?

आज हम सभी को पहले से ही आपराधिक संदेह के दायरे में रखकर मॉनिटर किया जा रहा है। और मुझे लगता है कि यह डरावना है, और एक अवधारणा के रूप में गहराई से अनुदार है। और यह कुछ ऐसा है जिसे हमें अस्वीकार कर देना चाहिए।

We are all today being monitored in advance and in criminal suspicion. And I think that's terrifying, and deeply illiberal as concept. And that's something that we should reject.

We are all today being monitored in advance and in criminal suspicion. And I think that's terrifying, and deeply illiberal as concept. And that's something that we should reject.

बड़ी टेक कंपनियों ने समझ लिया था कि सरकार ने न केवल अमेरिकी सिद्धांतों को नुकसान पहुँचाया है, बल्कि उनके व्यवसायों को भी चोट पहुँचाई है।

The big tech companies understood that the government had not only damaged American principles, it had hurt their businesses.

The big tech companies understood that the government had not only damaged American principles, it had hurt their businesses.

मैं फिल्मों का शौकीन नहीं हूँ। मैं सेलिब्रिटी होने के साथ आने वाली इन चीजों के बारे में नहीं जानता। मुझे नहीं पता कि अभिनेता कौन होंगे और ऐसी चीजें। लेकिन जो कोई भी इन मुद्दों पर बात करना चाहता है - वह बहुत अच्छा है।

I'm not a movie guy. I don't know all this stuff that comes with celebrity. I don't know who the actors will be and stuff like that. But anybody who wants to talk about the issues - that's great.

I'm not a movie guy. I don't know all this stuff that comes with celebrity. I don't know who the actors will be and stuff like that. But anybody who wants to talk about the issues - that's great.

हाल ही में किसी ने बड़े पैमाने पर निगरानी और एनएसए के खुलासों को कंप्यूटर वैज्ञानिकों के लिए 'परमाणु क्षण' कहा। परमाणु बम भौतिकविदों के लिए एक नैतिक क्षण था। बड़े पैमाने पर निगरानी कंप्यूटर वैज्ञानिकों के लिए भी वही क्षण है, जब उन्हें एहसास होता है कि जो चीजें वे बनाते हैं, उनका इस्तेमाल बहुत सारे लोगों को नुकसान पहुँचाने के लिए किया जा सकता है।

Someone recently talked about mass surveillance and the NSA revelations as being the atomic moment for computer scientists. The atomic bomb was the moral moment for physicists. Mass surveillance is the same moment for computer scientists, when they realize that the things they produce can be used to harm a tremendous number of people.

Someone recently talked about mass surveillance and the NSA revelations as being the atomic moment for computer scientists. The atomic bomb was the moral moment for physicists. Mass surveillance is the same moment for computer scientists, when they realize that the things they produce can be used to harm a tremendous number of people.

यह परवरिश पर भी निर्भर करता है। यह जानना महत्वपूर्ण है कि आपके विश्वास क्या हैं, और आपको उनके लिए खड़ा होना होगा, वरना आप वास्तव में उनमें विश्वास नहीं करते। मेरे माता-पिता - वास्तव में, मेरे परिवार का हर सदस्य - संघीय सरकार के लिए काम कर चुका है। अक्सर यह गलत समझा जाता है कि मैं व्यवस्था को उखाड़ फेंकने के लिए खड़ा हुआ था।

It also comes down to parenting. It is important to know what your beliefs are, and that you have to stand up for them or you don't really believe in them. You know, my father and mother - in fact, every member of my immediate family - have worked for the federal government. Sometimes misunderstood is that I didn't stand up to overthrow the system.

It also comes down to parenting. It is important to know what your beliefs are, and that you have to stand up for them or you don't really believe in them. You know, my father and mother - in fact, every member of my immediate family - have worked for the federal government. Sometimes misunderstood is that I didn't stand up to overthrow the system.

मैं जानता हूँ कि मौलिक रूप से, इंटरनेट के ताने-बाने और हमारे संचार के तरीकों में बदलाव हमारे अधिकारों को लागू कर सकते हैं।

I know that fundamentally, changes to the fabric of the internet, and sort of our methods of communication, can enforce our rights.

I know that fundamentally, changes to the fabric of the internet, and sort of our methods of communication, can enforce our rights.

मैं एक शानदार जीवन जी रहा था।

I was living a charmed life.

I was living a charmed life.

मैंने जो मुद्दा सबसे स्पष्ट रूप से उठाया, वह बड़े पैमाने पर निगरानी का था, न कि सामान्य रूप से निगरानी का।

The issue I brought forward most clearly was that of mass surveillance, not of surveillance in general.

The issue I brought forward most clearly was that of mass surveillance, not of surveillance in general.

यदि अमेरिका इस महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी ढांचे में खामियों और असुरक्षा को बढ़ावा दे रहा है, और जब हमें ये मिलती हैं तो हम उन्हें ठीक नहीं करते, बल्कि उन्हें अलमारी में रख देते हैं ताकि अगली बार जब हम किसी विदेशी देश पर हमला करना चाहें तो उनका उपयोग कर सकें, तो हम खुद को खतरे में डाल रहे हैं।

If the United States is promoting the development of exploits, of vulnerabilities, of insecurity in this critical infrastructure, and we're not fixing it when we find it, instead we put it on the shelf so we can use it the next time we want to launch an attack against some foreign country. We're leaving ourselves at risk.

If the United States is promoting the development of exploits, of vulnerabilities, of insecurity in this critical infrastructure, and we're not fixing it when we find it, instead we put it on the shelf so we can use it the next time we want to launch an attack against some foreign country. We're leaving ourselves at risk.

जब भी हम अमेरिका में साइबर-युद्ध या साइबर-जासूसी के अभियान चलाते हैं, तो हमें यह समझना होगा कि 'साइबर' शब्द का इस्तेमाल केवल 'इंटरनेट' के लिए एक पर्दे के रूप में किया जाता है। अमेरिकी जनता यह सुनकर खुश नहीं होगी कि हम इंटरनेट पर युद्ध और जासूसी के अभियान चला रहे हैं, क्योंकि हम जानते हैं कि इसका असर हम पर भी पड़ता है।

We need to make sure that whenever we're engaging in a cyber-warfare campaign, a cyber-espionage campaign in the United States, that we understand the word cyber is used as a euphemism for the internet, because the American public would not be excited to hear that we're doing internet warfare campaigns, internet espionage campaigns, because we realize that we ourselves are impacted by it.

We need to make sure that whenever we're engaging in a cyber-warfare campaign, a cyber-espionage campaign in the United States, that we understand the word cyber is used as a euphemism for the internet, because the American public would not be excited to hear that we're doing internet warfare campaigns, internet espionage campaigns, because we realize that we ourselves are impacted by it.

इंटरनेट को चलाने वाले, उसे बनाने वाले और उसे संभालने वाले तकनीकी विशेषज्ञों के समुदाय में एनएसए (NSA) या साइबर कमांड जैसी एजेंसियों की गतिविधियों को लेकर चिंता बढ़ती जा रही है, क्योंकि हम देख रहे हैं कि सुरक्षा की तुलना में आक्रामकता को ज्यादा प्राथमिकता दी जा रही है।

The community of technical experts who really manage the internet, who built the internet and maintain it, are becoming increasingly concerned about the activities of agencies like the NSA or Cyber Command, because what we see is that defense is becoming less of a priority than offense.

The community of technical experts who really manage the internet, who built the internet and maintain it, are becoming increasingly concerned about the activities of agencies like the NSA or Cyber Command, because what we see is that defense is becoming less of a priority than offense.

एक पत्रकार ने कहा कि रूस में हर कोई दुखी है, रूस एक भयानक जगह है, और अंत में मैं भी दुखी होकर शराबी बन जाऊँगा और कुछ नहीं कर पाऊँगा। मैं शराब नहीं पीता। मैंने जीवन में कभी शराब नहीं पी है। और वे रूस के बारे में ऐसे बात करते हैं जैसे वह दुनिया की सबसे बुरी जगह हो। रूस बहुत बढ़िया है।

One journalist said that everybody in Russia is miserable. Russia is a terrible place. And I'm going to end up miserable and I'm going to be a drunk and I'm never going to do anything. I don't drink. I've never been drunk in my life. And they talk about Russia like it's the worst place on earth. Russia's great.

One journalist said that everybody in Russia is miserable. Russia is a terrible place. And I'm going to end up miserable and I'm going to be a drunk and I'm never going to do anything. I don't drink. I've never been drunk in my life. And they talk about Russia like it's the worst place on earth. Russia's great.

कंपनियों, बुनियादी ढांचा प्रदाताओं, शोधकर्ताओं, छात्रों और यहाँ तक कि अंडरग्रेजुएट्स पर दबाव डालकर, हम एक ऐसे असुरक्षित इंटरनेट की चुनौतियों का सामना कर सकते हैं जहाँ हमें अपना संचार उन तारों के जरिए करना पड़ता है जो ऐसी फोन कंपनियों के हैं जिन पर हम भरोसा नहीं कर सकते, और जो ऐसी सरकार के साथ मिलकर काम कर रही हैं जिस पर हम भरोसा नहीं कर सकते। हम इस संचार ढांचे को एन्क्रिप्टेड (सुरक्षित) बनाकर फिर से व्यवस्थित कर सकते हैं।

By leaning on companies, by leaning on infrastructure providers, by leaning on researchers, graduate students, post-docs, even undergrads, to look at the challenges having an untrusted internet, where we have to put our communications on wires that are owned by a phone company that we can't trust, that's working in collaboration with a government that we can't trust, in areas around the world, we can restructure that communications fabric in a way that it's encrypted.

By leaning on companies, by leaning on infrastructure providers, by leaning on researchers, graduate students, post-docs, even undergrads, to look at the challenges having an untrusted internet, where we have to put our communications on wires that are owned by a phone company that we can't trust, that's working in collaboration with a government that we can't trust, in areas around the world, we can restructure that communications fabric in a way that it's encrypted.

मैंने शुरुआत से ही कहा था कि सुधार के दो रास्ते हैं: राजनीतिक और तकनीकी। मुझे नहीं लगता कि राजनीतिक रास्ता सफल होगा, ठीक उन्हीं कारणों से जो आपने बताए। आम लोगों के लिए यह मुद्दा बहुत जटिल है, क्योंकि उनके जीवन में पहले से ही बहुत कुछ चल रहा है।

From the very beginning, I said there are two tracks of reform: there's the political and the technical. I don't believe the political will be successful, for exactly the reasons you underlined. The issue is too abstract for average people, who have too many things going on in their lives.

From the very beginning, I said there are two tracks of reform: there's the political and the technical. I don't believe the political will be successful, for exactly the reasons you underlined. The issue is too abstract for average people, who have too many things going on in their lives.

यह सब एक वरदान भी है और अभिशाप भी। वरदान इसलिए क्योंकि यह लोगों को यह तय करने में मदद करता है कि वे किन चीजों को महत्व देते हैं और किन विचारों से खुद को जोड़ते हैं। अभिशाप यह है कि उनके विचारों को चुनौती नहीं दी जाती। इंटरनेट एक 'इको चैंबर' बन जाता है जहाँ उपयोगकर्ताओं को विपरीत तर्क दिखाई ही नहीं देते।

All this is a blessing and a curse. It's a blessing because it helps people establish what they value; they understand the sort of ideas they identify with. The curse is that they aren't challenged in their views. The Internet becomes an echo chamber. Users don't see the counterarguments.

All this is a blessing and a curse. It's a blessing because it helps people establish what they value; they understand the sort of ideas they identify with. The curse is that they aren't challenged in their views. The Internet becomes an echo chamber. Users don't see the counterarguments.

एफबीआई (FBI) एक ऐसी दुनिया बना रही थी जहाँ नागरिक अपने अधिकारों की रक्षा के लिए एप्पल पर निर्भर थे, न कि इसके विपरीत।

The FBI was creating a world where citizens rely on Apple to defend their rights, rather than the other way around.

The FBI was creating a world where citizens rely on Apple to defend their rights, rather than the other way around.

यह 'अपराध-पूर्व जांच' का पूरा विचार, जहाँ हम हर किसी पर, हर समय, सिर्फ एहतियात के तौर पर नजर रखते हैं, पश्चिमी उदारवादी परंपरा से एक बहुत बड़ा भटकाव है।

This whole pre-criminal investigation, where we watch everybody, all the time, just in case, is really an extraordinary departure from the Western liberal tradition.

This whole pre-criminal investigation, where we watch everybody, all the time, just in case, is really an extraordinary departure from the Western liberal tradition.

मेरा मानना है कि सुरक्षा और स्वतंत्रता, या सुरक्षा और निजता, वास्तव में एक-दूसरे के विरोधी नहीं हैं। ये केवल शब्दों के स्तर पर विरोधाभासी हो सकते हैं, हकीकत में नहीं।

I would argue that security and liberty, security and privacy are not actually opposing. The only place those can be oppositional is in the realm of rhetoric but not fact.

I would argue that security and liberty, security and privacy are not actually opposing. The only place those can be oppositional is in the realm of rhetoric but not fact.

हमें मजबूती से यह तर्क देना होगा और सरकार से मांग करनी होगी कि वह माने कि ये कार्यक्रम आतंकवाद को नहीं रोकते—सामूहिक निगरानी से आतंकवादी घटनाओं को नहीं रोका जा सकता।

We have to argue forcefully and demand that the government recognise that these programmes do not prevent - mass surveillance does not prevent acts of terrorism.

We have to argue forcefully and demand that the government recognise that these programmes do not prevent - mass surveillance does not prevent acts of terrorism.

मैं कानून बदलने या व्यवस्था को धीमा करने की कोशिश नहीं कर रहा था। शायद मुझे करना चाहिए था। मेरे आलोचक कहते हैं कि मैं पर्याप्त क्रांतिकारी नहीं था। लेकिन वे भूल जाते हैं कि मैं इसी व्यवस्था की उपज हूँ। मैंने उन दफ्तरों में काम किया है, मैं उन लोगों को जानता हूँ और मुझे अभी भी उन पर थोड़ा भरोसा है कि इन सेवाओं में सुधार किया जा सकता है।

I wasn't trying to change the laws or slow down the machine. Maybe I should have. My critics say that I was not revolutionary enough. But they forget that I am a product of the system. I worked those desks, I know those people and I still have some faith in them, that the services can be reformed.

I wasn't trying to change the laws or slow down the machine. Maybe I should have. My critics say that I was not revolutionary enough. But they forget that I am a product of the system. I worked those desks, I know those people and I still have some faith in them, that the services can be reformed.

मैं कहूँगा कि पहला मुख्य विचार यह है कि मानव इतिहास में तकनीकी और संचार प्रगति के संदर्भ में, इंटरनेट मूल रूप से 'इलेक्ट्रॉनिक टेलीपैथी' के बराबर है। अब हम अपने छोटे जादुई स्मार्टफोन के जरिए कहीं भी मौजूद लोगों से हर समय बात कर सकते हैं, लगातार यह जान सकते हैं कि वे क्या सोच रहे हैं, क्या बातें कर रहे हैं और संदेशों का आदान-प्रदान कर सकते हैं। इंटरनेट के संदर्भ में भी यह एक नई क्षमता है।

I would say the first key concept is that, in terms of technological and communication progress in human history, the Internet is basically the equivalent of electronic telepathy. We can now communicate all the time through our little magic smartphones with people who are anywhere, all the time, constantly learning what they're thinking, talking about, exchanging messages. And this is a new capability even within the context of the Internet.

I would say the first key concept is that, in terms of technological and communication progress in human history, the Internet is basically the equivalent of electronic telepathy. We can now communicate all the time through our little magic smartphones with people who are anywhere, all the time, constantly learning what they're thinking, talking about, exchanging messages. And this is a new capability even within the context of the Internet.

संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका तकनीकी प्रणालियों पर सबसे ज्यादा निर्भर है। हम दुनिया के किसी भी अन्य देश की तुलना में इंटरनेट के महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी ढांचे पर अधिक निर्भर हैं। और जब साइबर-हमलों के क्षेत्र में प्रवेश करना इतना आसान हो, तो हम एक ऐसी लड़ाई शुरू कर रहे हैं जिसे हम जीत नहीं सकते।

The United States is more reliant on the technical systems. We're more reliant on the critical infrastructure of the internet than any other nation out there. And when there's such a low barrier to entering the domain of cyber-attacks we're starting a fight that we can't win.

The United States is more reliant on the technical systems. We're more reliant on the critical infrastructure of the internet than any other nation out there. And when there's such a low barrier to entering the domain of cyber-attacks we're starting a fight that we can't win.

यह बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है कि हम इन जासूसी कार्यक्रमों और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक क्षमताओं का उपयोग कैसे करना चाहते हैं, हम लक्ष्मण रेखा कहाँ खींचना चाहते हैं, और इन निर्णयों को किस स्तर पर मंजूरी मिलनी चाहिए, खासकर उन अभियानों के लिए जो हमें एक राष्ट्र के रूप में युद्ध की ओर ले जा सकते हैं।

It's critical how we want to use these spy programs, these electronic capabilities, where we want to draw the line, and who should approve these programs, these decisions, and at what level, for engaging in operations that could lead us as a nation into a war.

It's critical how we want to use these spy programs, these electronic capabilities, where we want to draw the line, and who should approve these programs, these decisions, and at what level, for engaging in operations that could lead us as a nation into a war.

जब साइबर-युद्ध की बात आती है, तो दुनिया के किसी भी अन्य देश की तुलना में हमारा नुकसान सबसे ज्यादा हो सकता है। तकनीकी क्षेत्र अमेरिकी अर्थव्यवस्था की रीढ़ है, और यदि हम इस तरह के व्यवहार और हमलों में शामिल होते हैं, तो हम एक ऐसा मानक स्थापित कर रहे हैं, एक नया अंतरराष्ट्रीय मानदंड बना रहे हैं जो कहता है कि राष्ट्र यही करते हैं। विकसित राष्ट्र यही करते हैं।

When it comes to cyber warfare, we have more to lose than any other nation on earth. The technical sector is the backbone of the American economy, and if we start engaging in these kind of behaviors, in these kind of attacks, we're setting a standard, we're creating a new international norm of behavior that says this is what nations do. This is what developed nations do.

When it comes to cyber warfare, we have more to lose than any other nation on earth. The technical sector is the backbone of the American economy, and if we start engaging in these kind of behaviors, in these kind of attacks, we're setting a standard, we're creating a new international norm of behavior that says this is what nations do. This is what developed nations do.

हमें 'नेशनल सिक्योरिटी एजेंसी' (राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा एजेंसी) में वापस सुरक्षा लानी होगी। हम इसे 'नेशनल सर्विलांस एजेंसी' (राष्ट्रीय निगरानी एजेंसी) नहीं बना सकते।

We need to put the security back in the National Security Agency. We can't have the national surveillance agency.

We need to put the security back in the National Security Agency. We can't have the national surveillance agency.

साइबर कमांड का काम घर पर हमारे महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी ढांचे की रक्षा करना है, लेकिन वे अपना अधिकांश समय यह देखने में बिता रहे हैं कि नेटवर्क पर हमला कैसे किया जाए, सिस्टम को कैसे तोड़ा जाए और चीजों को कैसे बंद किया जाए। मुझे नहीं लगता कि यह एक रक्षात्मक टीम के रूप में सही है।

Cyber Command is supposed to be defending our critical infrastructure at home, but they are spending so much time looking at how to attack networks, how to break systems, and how to turn things off. I don't think it adds up as representing a defensive team.

Cyber Command is supposed to be defending our critical infrastructure at home, but they are spending so much time looking at how to attack networks, how to break systems, and how to turn things off. I don't think it adds up as representing a defensive team.

कोई भी आतंकवाद के पक्ष में वोट नहीं देगा। इसलिए हमारी सरकारों पर अधिकारों के संरक्षण के मामले में जिम्मेदारी से काम करने का कोई राजनीतिक दबाव नहीं होता।

Nobody's going to vote for terrorism. So our governments don't have that sort of political pressure to act in a responsible manner when it comes to stewardship of our rights.

Nobody's going to vote for terrorism. So our governments don't have that sort of political pressure to act in a responsible manner when it comes to stewardship of our rights.

चेल्सी मैनिंग को पैंतीस साल की जेल हुई, जबकि मैं अभी भी आजाद हूँ।

Chelsea Manning got thirty-five years in prison, while I'm still free.

Chelsea Manning got thirty-five years in prison, while I'm still free.

लोग कभी-कभी कहते हैं कि मैंने गोपनीयता की शपथ तोड़ी—यह मुझ पर लगाए गए शुरुआती आरोपों में से एक था। लेकिन यह एक बुनियादी गलतफहमी है, क्योंकि खुफिया समुदाय में काम करने वाले लोगों के लिए गोपनीयता की कोई शपथ नहीं होती। आपसे एक नागरिक समझौता (Standard Form 312) पर हस्ताक्षर करने के लिए कहा जाता है, जो मूल रूप से कहता है कि यदि आप गोपनीय जानकारी का खुलासा करते हैं, तो वे आप पर मुकदमा कर सकते हैं; वे यह, वह और अन्य चीजें कर सकते हैं। और आप जेल जाने का जोखिम उठाते हैं।

People sometimes say I broke an oath of secrecy - one of the early charges leveled against me. But it's a fundamental misunderstanding, because there is no oath of secrecy for people who work in the intelligence community. You are asked to sign a civil agreement, called a Standard Form 312, which basically says if you disclose classified information, they can sue you; they can do this, that and the other. And you risk going to jail.

People sometimes say I broke an oath of secrecy - one of the early charges leveled against me. But it's a fundamental misunderstanding, because there is no oath of secrecy for people who work in the intelligence community. You are asked to sign a civil agreement, called a Standard Form 312, which basically says if you disclose classified information, they can sue you; they can do this, that and the other. And you risk going to jail.

मैं व्लादिमीर पुतिन को झूठ बोलते हुए पकड़ना चाहता था—जैसा कि नेशनल इंटेलिजेंस के निदेशक जेम्स क्लैपर के साथ हुआ था (उनकी कांग्रेस की गवाही के दौरान)। इसलिए मैंने पुतिन से रूसी सामूहिक निगरानी के बारे में लगभग वही सवाल पूछे। मैं जानता था कि वह भी वही कर रहे हैं, लेकिन उन्होंने इससे इनकार कर दिया।

I was hoping to catch [Vladimir] Putin in a lie - like what happened to Director of National Intelligence James Clapper [in his congressional testimony]. So I asked Putin basically the same questions about Russian mass surveillance. I knew he's doing the same thing, but he denied it.

I was hoping to catch [Vladimir] Putin in a lie - like what happened to Director of National Intelligence James Clapper [in his congressional testimony]. So I asked Putin basically the same questions about Russian mass surveillance. I knew he's doing the same thing, but he denied it.

मैं अभी भी जीवित हूँ, और मुझे नींद की कोई समस्या नहीं है क्योंकि मैंने वह किया जो मुझे लगा कि करना जरूरी था, वह सही काम था और मैं डरने वाला नहीं हूँ।

I'm still alive, and I don't lose sleep because I have done what I feel I needed to do, it was the right thing to do and I am not going to be afraid.

I'm still alive, and I don't lose sleep because I have done what I feel I needed to do, it was the right thing to do and I am not going to be afraid.

जब बराक ओबामा राष्ट्रपति बने, तो एक वास्तविक विकल्प था। यह एक बहुत कठिन विकल्प था—यह कहना कि "हम वरिष्ठ अधिकारियों को उन्हीं कानूनों के लिए जवाबदेह नहीं ठहराएंगे जिनसे देश का हर दूसरा नागरिक बंधा है," या यह कहना कि "यह एक ऐसा राष्ट्र है जो कानून के शासन में विश्वास करता है।"

There was a real choice when [Barack Obama] became president. It was a very difficult choice - to say, "We're not going to hold senior officials to account with the same laws that every other citizen in the country is held to," or "This is a nation that believes in the rule of law."

There was a real choice when [Barack Obama] became president. It was a very difficult choice - to say, "We're not going to hold senior officials to account with the same laws that every other citizen in the country is held to," or "This is a nation that believes in the rule of law."

लोगों को कंप्यूटर सुरक्षा की जांच करने की आजादी होनी चाहिए। लोगों को कमजोरियों को खोजने और उन्हें साबित करने के लिए कोड बनाने की आजादी होनी चाहिए ताकि हम अपनी प्रणालियों को सुरक्षित कर सकें।

People have to be free to investigate computer security. People have to be free to look for the vulnerabilities and create proof of concept code to show that they are true vulnerabilities in order for us to secure our systems.

People have to be free to investigate computer security. People have to be free to look for the vulnerabilities and create proof of concept code to show that they are true vulnerabilities in order for us to secure our systems.

जनता नहीं चाहती कि इंटरनेट एक युद्ध का मैदान बने। एक समाज के रूप में हमें इसे एक तटस्थ क्षेत्र बनाए रखने के लिए हर संभव प्रयास करना चाहिए, एक ऐसा आर्थिक क्षेत्र जो हमारे राजनीतिक, सामाजिक और आर्थिक मूल्यों को प्रतिबिंबित कर सके।

The public don't want to authorize the internet to become a battleground. We need to do everything we can as a society to keep that a neutral zone, to keep that an economic zone that can reflect our values, both politically, socially, and economically.

The public don't want to authorize the internet to become a battleground. We need to do everything we can as a society to keep that a neutral zone, to keep that an economic zone that can reflect our values, both politically, socially, and economically.

हमें व्यवहार के नए अंतरराष्ट्रीय मानक बनाने की जरूरत है—सिर्फ राष्ट्रीय कानून नहीं, क्योंकि यह एक वैश्विक समस्या है। हम इसे केवल अमेरिका में ठीक नहीं कर सकते, क्योंकि अन्य देश भी हैं जो अमेरिकी कानूनों का पालन नहीं करते। हमें ऐसे अंतरराष्ट्रीय मानक बनाने होंगे जो कहें कि साइबर हमले केवल तभी होने चाहिए जब यह बिल्कुल अनिवार्य हो।

What we need to do is we need to create new international standards of behavior - not just national laws, because this is a global problem. We can't just fix it in the United States, because there are other countries that don't follow U.S. laws. We have to create international standards that say that cyber attacks should only ever occur when it is absolutely necessary.

What we need to do is we need to create new international standards of behavior - not just national laws, because this is a global problem. We can't just fix it in the United States, because there are other countries that don't follow U.S. laws. We have to create international standards that say that cyber attacks should only ever occur when it is absolutely necessary.

इतिहास में ऐसे कई मौके आए हैं, और किसी अमेरिकी या जर्मन के लिए यह सोचना मुश्किल नहीं है कि उनके देश के इतिहास में ऐसे दौर भी थे जब कानून ने सरकार को वे काम करने की अनुमति दी जो सही नहीं थे।

There are times throughout history and it doesn't take long for either an American or a German, to think about times in the history of their country where the law provided the Government to do things which were not right.

There are times throughout history and it doesn't take long for either an American or a German, to think about times in the history of their country where the law provided the Government to do things which were not right.

हमारी शिक्षा प्रणाली आलोचनात्मक सोच (क्रिटिकल थिंकिंग) विकसित करने के लिए नहीं बनाई गई है।

[Our system of education ]not designed to create critical thinkers.

[Our system of education ]not designed to create critical thinkers.

मैं सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग गया था—सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग बहुत शानदार है।

I went to St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg is awesome.

I went to St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg is awesome.

जब आप सरकार की शक्ति को कमजोर कर रहे होते हैं, तो यह लोकतंत्र के लिए मौलिक रूप से खतरनाक होता है।

When you are subverting the power of government, that's a fundamentally dangerous thing to democracy.

When you are subverting the power of government, that's a fundamentally dangerous thing to democracy.

अन्य देशों के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा करने के लिए अमेरिका का एक सुरक्षित और आपस में जुड़े इंटरनेट पर निर्भर होना अनिवार्य है।

US has to be able to rely on a safe and interconnected internet in order to compete with other countries.

US has to be able to rely on a safe and interconnected internet in order to compete with other countries.

जब लोग साइबर हमले की कल्पना करते हैं, तो वे आमतौर पर बिजली संयंत्रों, जलापूर्ति और इसी तरह के महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी ढांचों के बारे में सोचते हैं। और अगर ये नेटवर्क से जुड़े हैं या इनमें ऐसी प्रणालियाँ हैं जिन्हें इंटरनेट के ज़रिए नियंत्रित किया जा सकता है, तो इन पर हमला होना मुमकिन है।

When people conceptualize a cyber-attack, they do tend to think about parts of the critical infrastructure like power plants, water supplies, and similar sort of heavy infrastructure, critical infrastructure areas. And they could be hit, as long as they're network connected, as long as they have some kind of systems that interact with them that could be manipulated from internet connection.

When people conceptualize a cyber-attack, they do tend to think about parts of the critical infrastructure like power plants, water supplies, and similar sort of heavy infrastructure, critical infrastructure areas. And they could be hit, as long as they're network connected, as long as they have some kind of systems that interact with them that could be manipulated from internet connection.

अमेरिका के लिए सबसे ज़रूरी चीज़ अपने दुश्मनों पर हमला करना नहीं, बल्कि अपनी रक्षा करना है। और हम तब तक ऐसा नहीं कर सकते जब तक हम जासूसी के लालच में अपने ही सुरक्षा मानकों के साथ खिलवाड़ करते रहेंगे।

The most important thing to the United States is not being able to attack our adversaries, the most important thing is to be able to defend ourselves. And we can't do that as long as we're subverting our own security standards for the sake of surveillance.

The most important thing to the United States is not being able to attack our adversaries, the most important thing is to be able to defend ourselves. And we can't do that as long as we're subverting our own security standards for the sake of surveillance.

जब अमेरिका एनएसए के रक्षात्मक बजट—जैसे संचार को सुरक्षित करना, सिस्टम की रक्षा करना और कमियों को सुधारना—में कटौती करके उस पैसे का इस्तेमाल हमारे ही सिस्टम में नई कमियाँ पैदा करने के लिए करता है ताकि वे हम पर और उन विदेशियों पर नज़र रख सकें जो इन्हीं सिस्टम का उपयोग करते हैं, तो यह आत्मघाती है।

When the United States cannibalize dollars from the defensive business of the NSA, securing our communications, protecting our systems, patching zero-day vulnerabilities, and instead we're giving those dollars to be used for creating new vulnerabilities in our systems so that they can surveil us and other people abroad who use the same systems.

When the United States cannibalize dollars from the defensive business of the NSA, securing our communications, protecting our systems, patching zero-day vulnerabilities, and instead we're giving those dollars to be used for creating new vulnerabilities in our systems so that they can surveil us and other people abroad who use the same systems.

जब भी हम इंटरनेट के युद्धक्षेत्र में उतरते हैं, तो इससे कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता कि हमने दुश्मन पर सौ बार सटीक निशाना साधा है। अगर उन्होंने हमें एक बार भी निशाना बना लिया, तो हम हार गए, क्योंकि अमेरिका इन प्रणालियों पर कहीं ज़्यादा निर्भर है।

Every time we walk on to the field of battle and the field of battle is the internet, it doesn't matter if we shoot our opponents a hundred times and hit every time. As long as they've hit us once, we've lost, because the U.S. is so much more reliant on those systems.

Every time we walk on to the field of battle and the field of battle is the internet, it doesn't matter if we shoot our opponents a hundred times and hit every time. As long as they've hit us once, we've lost, because the U.S. is so much more reliant on those systems.

जब यह दिखाया जाने लगे कि हर किसी के बारे में सब कुछ न जानना एक अस्तित्व का संकट है, तब आपको लगता है कि नियमों को मरोड़ना सही है। और एक बार जब लोग उन नियमों को मरोड़ने के लिए आपसे नफरत करने लगते हैं, तो उन्हें तोड़ना आपकी मजबूरी बन जाता है।

When it is made to appear as though not knowing everything about everyone is an existential crisis, then you feel that bending the rules is okay. Once people hate you for bending those rules, breaking them becomes a matter of survival.

When it is made to appear as though not knowing everything about everyone is an existential crisis, then you feel that bending the rules is okay. Once people hate you for bending those rules, breaking them becomes a matter of survival.

खुफिया समुदाय में सक्रिय रूप से काम करते हुए—एक ऐसे व्यक्ति के तौर पर जिसकी पहुँच व्यापक थी और जिसने आम लोगों की तुलना में कहीं ज़्यादा रिपोर्टें देखी थीं—मेरी एक चिंता यह थी कि द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध और शीत युद्ध के बाद समाज की दिशा या तो पूरी तरह से तानाशाही की ओर थी या फिर उदारवाद और व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता की ओर।

One concern I had while I was working actively in the intelligence community - being someone who had broad access, who was exposed to more reports than average individuals, who had a better understanding of the bigger picture - was that the post - World War II, post - Cold War directions of societies were either broadly authoritarian or [broadly] liberal or libertarian.

One concern I had while I was working actively in the intelligence community - being someone who had broad access, who was exposed to more reports than average individuals, who had a better understanding of the bigger picture - was that the post - World War II, post - Cold War directions of societies were either broadly authoritarian or [broadly] liberal or libertarian.

दूसरी ओर, इंटरनेट लोगों की सूचना और सामाजिक मेलजोल की ज़रूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए है। आजकल पहचान को लेकर जो खींचतान चल रही है, वह इसलिए है क्योंकि हम एक बहुत ही अशांत और कठिन दौर में जी रहे हैं।

On the other hand, the Internet is there to fill needs that people have for information and socialization. We get this sort of identification thing going on nowadays because it's a very fractious time. We live in a time of troubles.

On the other hand, the Internet is there to fill needs that people have for information and socialization. We get this sort of identification thing going on nowadays because it's a very fractious time. We live in a time of troubles.

पिछले कुछ वर्षों में जासूसी के खुलासों पर उदारवादी सरकारों की प्रतिक्रिया देखिए। अमेरिका में बड़ी बहस तो हो रही है, लेकिन सरकारी स्तर पर सब ठप है—क्योंकि वे खुद रंगे हाथों पकड़े गए हैं।

Look at the reactions of liberal governments to the surveillance revelations during the last years. In the United States, we've got this big debate, but we've got official paralysis - because they're the ones who had their hand caught most deeply in the cookie jar.

Look at the reactions of liberal governments to the surveillance revelations during the last years. In the United States, we've got this big debate, but we've got official paralysis - because they're the ones who had their hand caught most deeply in the cookie jar.

विचारों को 'सही' या 'गलत' के दायरों में बाँधने से हम बहुत कुछ खो देते हैं।

By putting these sort of lines around what ideas are proper or improper, we lose things.

By putting these sort of lines around what ideas are proper or improper, we lose things.

हम आज भी फेसबुक पर सार्वजनिक संदेश डाल सकते हैं जिसे पूरी दुनिया पढ़ सके। लेकिन हमें ऐसी व्यवस्था भी चाहिए जहाँ हम अपनी बातें सिर्फ अपनों के साथ साझा कर सकें और हमें भरोसा हो कि कानूनी और तकनीकी तौर पर यह पूरी तरह सुरक्षित है।

We can still publicly post a message to Facebook that's globally readable. But we could also adjust things so that they can only be shared with those closest to us, and the confident that this is enforced through both legal and a systemic standards-based protection.

We can still publicly post a message to Facebook that's globally readable. But we could also adjust things so that they can only be shared with those closest to us, and the confident that this is enforced through both legal and a systemic standards-based protection.

यह दिलचस्प है कि आपने सखारोव के 'क्रिएटिव एक्सिस' का ज़िक्र किया—उन्होंने सरकार के लिए कुछ ऐसा बनाया था जो बाद में उनके इरादों के उलट निकला। बिल बिन्नी और मेरे साथ भी कुछ ऐसा ही हुआ है।

It's interesting that you mention [Andrei] Sakharov's creative axis - he had produced something for the government that he then realized was something other than he intended. That's something [NSA whistleblower] Bill Binney and I share.

It's interesting that you mention [Andrei] Sakharov's creative axis - he had produced something for the government that he then realized was something other than he intended. That's something [NSA whistleblower] Bill Binney and I share.

सरकार का तर्क यह है कि अगर किसी को खुफिया विभाग की गड़बड़ियों का पता चले, तो उसे अपनी शिकायत उन्हीं लोगों के पास ले जानी चाहिए जो उन गड़बड़ियों के ज़िम्मेदार हैं, और फिर उन्हीं से उम्मीद करनी चाहिए कि वे उन समस्याओं को ठीक करेंगे जिन्हें उन्होंने खुद मंज़ूरी दी थी।

The government would assert that individuals who are aware of serious wrongdoing in the intelligence community should bring their concerns to the people most responsible for that wrongdoing, and rely on those people to correct the problems that those people themselves authorized.

The government would assert that individuals who are aware of serious wrongdoing in the intelligence community should bring their concerns to the people most responsible for that wrongdoing, and rely on those people to correct the problems that those people themselves authorized.

डैनियल एल्सबर्ग के दौर से लेकर अब तक यह साफ है कि सरकार को राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा को होने वाले नुकसान की चिंता नहीं है, क्योंकि इनमें से किसी भी मामले में वास्तव में कोई नुकसान नहीं हुआ था।

Going all the way back to Daniel Ellsberg, it is clear that the government is not concerned with damage to national security, because in none of these cases was there damage.

Going all the way back to Daniel Ellsberg, it is clear that the government is not concerned with damage to national security, because in none of these cases was there damage.

चेल्सी मैनिंग के मुकदमे में सरकार ऐसा एक भी उदाहरण नहीं दे पाई जहाँ गोपनीय जानकारी के खुलासे से कोई ठोस नुकसान हुआ हो। ये आरोप सुरक्षा की चिंता से ज़्यादा सरकार की शर्मिंदगी का नतीजा हैं, वरना वे बताते कि आखिर नुकसान क्या हुआ।

At the trial of Chelsea Manning, the government could point to no case of specific damage that had been caused by the massive revelation of classified information. The charges are a reaction to the government's embarrassment more than genuine concern about these activities, or they would substantiate what harms were done.

At the trial of Chelsea Manning, the government could point to no case of specific damage that had been caused by the massive revelation of classified information. The charges are a reaction to the government's embarrassment more than genuine concern about these activities, or they would substantiate what harms were done.

मैं उन महाशक्तियों से सीधा टकराव नहीं चाहता जिन्हें हम उनके अपने मैदान में नहीं हरा सकते। उनके पास ज़्यादा पैसा, रसूख और प्रचार के साधन हैं। बिना किसी जन-आंदोलन के हम प्रभावी नहीं हो सकते, और आज के अमेरिकी लोग जन-आंदोलन के लिए अपनी सुख-सुविधाएँ छोड़ने को तैयार नहीं हैं।

I don't want to directly confront great powers, which we cannot defeat on their terms. They have more money, more clout, more airtime. We cannot be effective without a mass movement, and the American people today are too comfortable to adapt to a mass movement.

I don't want to directly confront great powers, which we cannot defeat on their terms. They have more money, more clout, more airtime. We cannot be effective without a mass movement, and the American people today are too comfortable to adapt to a mass movement.

अमेरिका में हम रूसियों की तुलना में खुद अमेरिकियों के डिजिटल संचार को कहीं ज़्यादा इकट्ठा करते हैं।

In America, we collect more digital communications from America than we do from the Russians.

In America, we collect more digital communications from America than we do from the Russians.

अमेरिकी हर जगह, हर किसी को हैक करते हैं। हम खुद को दूसरों से अलग दिखाना पसंद करते हैं, लेकिन सच तो यह है कि हम दुनिया के लगभग हर देश में घुसपैठ कर चुके हैं, जबकि हमारा उन देशों के साथ कोई युद्ध नहीं चल रहा।

Americans hack everyone everywhere. We like to make a distinction between us and the others. But we are in almost every country in the world. We are not at war with these countries.

Americans hack everyone everywhere. We like to make a distinction between us and the others. But we are in almost every country in the world. We are not at war with these countries.

हम मशीनों में जासूसी उपकरण लगा सकते हैं। एक बार जब आप नेटवर्क पर आते हैं, तो मैं आपकी मशीन की पहचान कर सकता हूँ। आप चाहे कितनी भी सुरक्षा क्यों न कर लें, आप कभी सुरक्षित नहीं रहेंगे।

We can plant bugs in machines. Once you go on the network, I can identify your machine. You will never be safe whatever protections you put in place.

We can plant bugs in machines. Once you go on the network, I can identify your machine. You will never be safe whatever protections you put in place.

भले ही आप कुछ गलत न कर रहे हों, फिर भी आप पर नज़र रखी जा रही है और आपकी हर गतिविधि रिकॉर्ड की जा रही है।

Even if you're not doing anything wrong, you are being watched and recorded.

Even if you're not doing anything wrong, you are being watched and recorded.

यहाँ 'सज़ा' का मतलब कोई खुली अदालत या निष्पक्ष सुनवाई नहीं है।

The 'music' is not an open court and a fair trial.

The 'music' is not an open court and a fair trial.

मैं ऐसी दुनिया में नहीं रहना चाहता जहाँ मेरी कही हर बात, मेरा हर काम, मैं जिससे भी बात करूँ, रचनात्मकता या प्यार या दोस्ती की मेरी हर अभिव्यक्ति को रिकॉर्ड किया जाए।

I don't want to live in a world where everything that I say, everything I do, everyone I talk to, every expression of creativity or love or friendship is recorded.

I don't want to live in a world where everything that I say, everything I do, everyone I talk to, every expression of creativity or love or friendship is recorded.

मैं जानता हूँ कि मीडिया राजनीतिक बहसों को व्यक्तिगत रंग देना पसंद करता है, और मुझे यह भी पता है कि सरकार मुझे एक खलनायक के रूप में पेश करेगी।

I know the media likes to personalize political debates, and I know the government will demonize me.

I know the media likes to personalize political debates, and I know the government will demonize me.

आपके अधिकार मायने रखते हैं, क्योंकि आप कभी नहीं जानते कि आपको उनकी कब ज़रूरत पड़ जाए।

Your rights matter, because you never know when you're going to need them.

Your rights matter, because you never know when you're going to need them.

अगर हम ग्लासगो, बोस्टन या दुनिया की किसी भी यूनिवर्सिटी में विचारों के महत्व पर खुली और ईमानदार बहस नहीं कर सकते, तो फिर ऐसी बहस और कहाँ होगी?

If we can't have an open and honest debate about the value of ideas in a university in Glasgow, or Boston, or anywhere else in the world, then where are they going to go?

If we can't have an open and honest debate about the value of ideas in a university in Glasgow, or Boston, or anywhere else in the world, then where are they going to go?

जब भी आप फोन उठाते हैं, कोई नंबर डायल करते हैं, ईमेल लिखते हैं, कोई खरीदारी करते हैं, सेलफोन लेकर बस में सफर करते हैं, कहीं कार्ड स्वाइप करते हैं, तो आप कोई न कोई सुराग छोड़ देते हैं, और सरकार ने यह तय कर लिया है कि इस सबका, यानी हर एक चीज़ का डेटा इकट्ठा करना एक अच्छा विचार है, भले ही आप पर कभी किसी अपराध का संदेह न किया गया हो।

Every time you pick up the phone, dial a number, write an e-mail, make a purchase, travel on the bus carrying a cell phone, swipe a card somewhere, you leave a trace, and the Government has decided that it's good idea to collect it all, everything, even if you've never been suspected of doing a crime.

Every time you pick up the phone, dial a number, write an e-mail, make a purchase, travel on the bus carrying a cell phone, swipe a card somewhere, you leave a trace, and the Government has decided that it's good idea to collect it all, everything, even if you've never been suspected of doing a crime.

जहाँ तक सामाजिक नीतियों की बात है, मेरा मानना है कि महिलाओं को अपने फैसले खुद लेने का हक है, और असमानता एक बहुत ही गंभीर मुद्दा है।

When it comes to social policies, I believe women have the right to make their own choices, and inequality is a really important issue.

When it comes to social policies, I believe women have the right to make their own choices, and inequality is a really important issue.

यदि आप अपने विश्वासों के अनुसार आचरण नहीं कर रहे हैं, तो शायद वे सच्चे नहीं हैं।

If you’re not acting on your beliefs, then they probably aren’t real.

If you’re not acting on your beliefs, then they probably aren’t real.

9/11 के बाद, अमेरिका के कई बड़े समाचार संस्थानों ने सत्ता पर अंकुश लगाने की अपनी भूमिका छोड़ दी। राष्ट्रवाद के उस दौर में देशद्रोही कहलाने और आर्थिक नुकसान झेलने के डर से उन्होंने सरकार की मनमानियों को चुनौती देना बंद कर दिया।

After 9/11, many of the most important news outlets in America abdicated their role as a check to power - the journalistic responsibility to challenge the excesses of government - for fear of being seen as unpatriotic and punished in the market during a period of heightened nationalism.

After 9/11, many of the most important news outlets in America abdicated their role as a check to power - the journalistic responsibility to challenge the excesses of government - for fear of being seen as unpatriotic and punished in the market during a period of heightened nationalism.

अब हम नागरिक नहीं रहे, अब हमारे पास नेता नहीं हैं। हम प्रजा हैं, और हमारे शासक हैं।

We are no longer citizens, we no longer have leaders. We're subjects, and we have rulers.

We are no longer citizens, we no longer have leaders. We're subjects, and we have rulers.

एनएसए अमेरिका में जासूसी के दायरे को लेकर संसद की पूछताछ में अक्सर झूठ बोलता है।

The NSA routinely lies in response to congressional inquiries about the scope of surveillance in America.

The NSA routinely lies in response to congressional inquiries about the scope of surveillance in America.

गोपनीयता स्वतंत्रता का ही एक रूप है।

Privacy is a function of liberty.

Privacy is a function of liberty.

मैं सिस्टम इंजीनियर, सिस्टम एडमिनिस्ट्रेटर, सीआईए का वरिष्ठ सलाहकार, सॉल्यूशंस कंसल्टेंट और टेलीकम्युनिकेशंस इंफॉर्मेशन सिस्टम ऑफिसर रह चुका हूँ।

I have been a systems engineer, systems administrator, a senior adviser for the Central Intelligence Agency, a solutions consultant and a telecommunications information systems officer.

I have been a systems engineer, systems administrator, a senior adviser for the Central Intelligence Agency, a solutions consultant and a telecommunications information systems officer.

अमेरिकी इतिहास में ऐसे कई दौर आए हैं जब जो सही है, वह कानूनी होने से अलग होता है। कई बार सही काम करने के लिए आपको कानून भी तोड़ना पड़ता है।

There have been times throughout American history where what is right is not the same as what is legal. Sometimes to do the right thing you have to break the law.

There have been times throughout American history where what is right is not the same as what is legal. Sometimes to do the right thing you have to break the law.

मेरे पास हांगकांग से भागने के कई मौके थे, लेकिन मैंने यहीं रुककर अमेरिकी सरकार के खिलाफ कानूनी लड़ाई लड़ना बेहतर समझा, क्योंकि मुझे हांगकांग की न्याय व्यवस्था पर भरोसा है।

I have had many opportunities to flee HK, but I would rather stay and fight the United States government in the courts, because I have faith in Hong Kong's rule of law.

I have had many opportunities to flee HK, but I would rather stay and fight the United States government in the courts, because I have faith in Hong Kong's rule of law.

आज पैदा होने वाला बच्चा बिना किसी गोपनीयता की अवधारणा के बड़ा होगा। वह कभी नहीं जान पाएगा कि अपने लिए कुछ निजी पल होना, एक ऐसा विचार होना जो रिकॉर्ड या विश्लेषित न किया गया हो, क्या मायने रखता है। और यह एक समस्या है क्योंकि गोपनीयता मायने रखती है, गोपनीयता ही वह चीज़ है जो हमें यह तय करने की अनुमति देती है कि हम कौन हैं और हम क्या बनना चाहते हैं।

A child born today will grow up with no conception of privacy at all. They'll never know what it means to have a private moment to themselves an unrecorded, unanalysed thought. And that's a problem because privacy matters, privacy is what allows us to determine who we are and who we want to be.

A child born today will grow up with no conception of privacy at all. They'll never know what it means to have a private moment to themselves an unrecorded, unanalysed thought. And that's a problem because privacy matters, privacy is what allows us to determine who we are and who we want to be.

मेरा रूसी सरकार के साथ कोई संबंध नहीं है।

I have no relationship with the Russian government at all.

I have no relationship with the Russian government at all.

मैं सरकार के सबसे गुप्त और अंधेरे कोनों तक गया हूँ, और जिस चीज़ से वे सबसे ज्यादा डरते वह है रोशनी।

I have been to the darkest corners of government, and what they fear is light.

I have been to the darkest corners of government, and what they fear is light.

उनकी ऑडिटिंग आज भी लचर है, जानकारी चोरी हो रही है, और उन्हें पता तक नहीं कि यह सब कहाँ से आ रहा है और कहाँ जा रहा है। अगर ऐसा है, तो जनता अपनी सारी जानकारी, अपने निजी दस्तावेज़ और अपनी ज़िंदगी का पूरा लेखा-जोखा एनएसए के भरोसे कैसे छोड़ सकती है?

They still have negligent auditing, they still have things going for a walk, and they have no idea where they're coming from and they have no idea where they're going. And if that's the case, how can we as the public trust the NSA with all of our information, with all of our private records, the permanent record of our lives?

They still have negligent auditing, they still have things going for a walk, and they have no idea where they're coming from and they have no idea where they're going. And if that's the case, how can we as the public trust the NSA with all of our information, with all of our private records, the permanent record of our lives?

देशभक्त होने का मतलब यह नहीं है कि सरकार की सेवा को हर चीज़ से ऊपर रखा जाए। देशभक्त होने का मतलब यह है कि यह जानना कि अपने देश की रक्षा कब करनी है, अपने संविधान की रक्षा कब करनी है, अपने देशवासियों की रक्षा विरोधियों के अत्याचारों और अतिक्रमणों से कब करनी है। और वे विरोधी कोई विदेशी देश होना ज़रूरी नहीं है।

Being a patriot doesn’t mean prioritizing service to government above all else. Being a patriot means knowing when to protect your country, knowing when to protect your Constitution, knowing when to protect your countrymen, from the violations of and encroachments of adversaries. And those adversaries don’t have to be foreign countries.

Being a patriot doesn’t mean prioritizing service to government above all else. Being a patriot means knowing when to protect your country, knowing when to protect your Constitution, knowing when to protect your countrymen, from the violations of and encroachments of adversaries. And those adversaries don’t have to be foreign countries.

किसी को यह साबित करने की ज़रूरत नहीं है कि उसे किसी अधिकार की "ज़रूरत" क्यों है; साबित उसे करना चाहिए जो उस अधिकार को छीनना चाहता है। लेकिन अगर ज़रूरत पड़े भी, तो आप दूसरों के अधिकार सिर्फ इसलिए नहीं छोड़ सकते क्योंकि वे आपके काम के नहीं हैं। सीधे शब्दों में कहें तो बहुमत, अल्पसंख्यकों के प्राकृतिक अधिकारों को वोट के ज़रिए खत्म नहीं कर सकता। यह तर्क देना कि आपको निजता के अधिकार की परवाह नहीं है क्योंकि आपके पास छिपाने के लिए कुछ नहीं है, वैसा ही है जैसे यह कहना कि आपको अभिव्यक्ति की आज़ादी की परवाह नहीं है क्योंकि आपके पास कहने के लिए कुछ नहीं है।

Nobody needs to justify why they "need" a right: the burden of justification falls on the one seeking to infringe upon the right. But even if they did, you can't give away the rights of others because they're not useful to you. More simply, the majority cannot vote away the natural rights of the minority. Arguing that you don't care about the right to privacy because you have nothing to hide is no different than saying you don't care about free speech because you have nothing to say.

Nobody needs to justify why they "need" a right: the burden of justification falls on the one seeking to infringe upon the right. But even if they did, you can't give away the rights of others because they're not useful to you. More simply, the majority cannot vote away the natural rights of the minority. Arguing that you don't care about the right to privacy because you have nothing to hide is no different than saying you don't care about free speech because you have nothing to say.

सच आने वाला है, और उसे रोका नहीं जा सकता।

Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped.

Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped.

अमेरिका रिसर्च और डेवलपमेंट पर बाकी देशों से ज़्यादा खर्च करता है, इसलिए हमें इंटरनेट को एक शत्रुतापूर्ण और आक्रामक जगह नहीं बनाना चाहिए।

US spend more on research and development than the other countries, so we shouldn't be making the internet a more hostile, a more aggressive territory.

US spend more on research and development than the other countries, so we shouldn't be making the internet a more hostile, a more aggressive territory.

जब लोग यह कहते हैं, "मेरे पास छिपाने के लिए कुछ नहीं है," तो दरअसल वे यह कह रहे होते हैं, "मेरे अधिकारों का कोई मतलब नहीं है।"

When people say, "I have nothing to hide," what they're saying is, "My rights don't matter."

When people say, "I have nothing to hide," what they're saying is, "My rights don't matter."

एक राष्ट्र के रूप में हमारे लिए इंटरनेट का अपना एक बहुत बड़ा महत्व है। इंटरनेट अमेरिका के लिए एक बेहद ज़रूरी बुनियादी ढांचा है। हम हर उस संचार के लिए इंटरनेट का इस्तेमाल करते हैं जिस पर हमारे व्यवसाय हर दिन निर्भर रहते हैं।

What has a great value to us as a nation is the internet itself. The internet is critical infrastructure to the United States. We use the internet for every communication that businesses rely on every day.

What has a great value to us as a nation is the internet itself. The internet is critical infrastructure to the United States. We use the internet for every communication that businesses rely on every day.

रिचर्ड निक्सन को एक होटल के कमरे में जासूसी करने (फोन टैप करने) की वजह से वाशिंगटन से बाहर निकाल दिया गया था। आज हम देश के हर अमेरिकी नागरिक के फोन टैप कर रहे हैं, और इसके लिए किसी पर मुकदमा तक नहीं चलाया गया, न ही कोई जाँच की गई। इस बारे में तो हमारे पास कोई पूछताछ भी नहीं है।

Richard Nixon got kicked out of Washington for tapping one hotel suite. Today we're tapping every American citizen in the country, and no one has been put on trial for it or even investigated. We don't even have an inquiry into it.

Richard Nixon got kicked out of Washington for tapping one hotel suite. Today we're tapping every American citizen in the country, and no one has been put on trial for it or even investigated. We don't even have an inquiry into it.

अगर कोई दुश्मन हमारे पावर प्लांट को निशाना न बनाकर उन मुख्य राउटर्स को निशाना बनाए जो हमारे इंटरनेट कनेक्शन की रीढ़ हैं, तो अमेरिका के कई हिस्से पूरी तरह कट सकते हैं। समाज के तौर पर हम पर इसका बहुत गहरा असर होगा और इसके नीतिगत परिणाम भी गंभीर होंगे।

If an adversary didn't target our power plants but they did target the core routers, the backbones that tie our internet connections together, entire parts of the United States could be cut off. That would have a tremendous impact on us as a society and it would have a policy backlash.

If an adversary didn't target our power plants but they did target the core routers, the backbones that tie our internet connections together, entire parts of the United States could be cut off. That would have a tremendous impact on us as a society and it would have a policy backlash.

गोपनीयता मायने रखती है; गोपनीयता ही वह चीज़ है जो हमें यह तय करने की अनुमति देती है कि हम कौन हैं और हम क्या बनना चाहते हैं।

Privacy matters; privacy is what allows us to determine who we are and who we want to be.

Privacy matters; privacy is what allows us to determine who we are and who we want to be.

यह याद रखना ज़रूरी है कि जब आप इंटरनेट के ज़रिए अस्पतालों या इंटरनेट एक्सचेंज पॉइंट्स जैसी चीज़ों पर हमला करते हैं, तो कुछ भी गलत होने पर लोगों की जान जा सकती है। अगर किसी अस्पताल का सिस्टम प्रभावित होता है, तो जीवन रक्षक उपकरण बंद हो सकते हैं।

It's important to remember when you start doing things like attacking hospitals through the internet, when you start attacking things like internet exchange points, when something goes wrong, people can die. If a hospital's infrastructure is affected, lifesaving equipment turns off.

It's important to remember when you start doing things like attacking hospitals through the internet, when you start attacking things like internet exchange points, when something goes wrong, people can die. If a hospital's infrastructure is affected, lifesaving equipment turns off.

ये (NSA के) कार्यक्रम कभी आतंकवाद के बारे में थे ही नहीं: ये आर्थिक जासूसी, सामाजिक नियंत्रण और कूटनीतिक हेरफेर के बारे में हैं। ये सब ताकत और सत्ता के लिए हैं।

These [NSA] programs were never about terrorism: they're about economic spying, social control, and diplomatic manipulation. They're about power.

These [NSA] programs were never about terrorism: they're about economic spying, social control, and diplomatic manipulation. They're about power.

अमेरिका को एक सुरक्षित, भरोसेमंद, मज़बूत और विश्वसनीय इंटरनेट बनाने पर ध्यान देना चाहिए, न कि उसे कमज़ोर करने पर। हमें ऐसा इंटरनेट नहीं चाहिए जो हर छोटी-बड़ी कमी या खतरे का फायदा उठाने के पुराने ढर्रे पर चलता हो।

The United States need to be focusing more on creating a more secure, more reliable, more robust, and more trusted internet, not one that's weaker, not one that relies on this systemic model of exploiting every vulnerability, every threat out there.

The United States need to be focusing more on creating a more secure, more reliable, more robust, and more trusted internet, not one that's weaker, not one that relies on this systemic model of exploiting every vulnerability, every threat out there.

अगर हम कुछ नहीं करते, अगर हम हालात से समझौता कर लेते हैं, तो हम एक ऐसी दुनिया में पहुँच जाएंगे जहाँ हर तरफ बड़े पैमाने पर निगरानी हो रही होगी।

If we don't do anything, if we go along with the status quo, we are going to have a mass surveillance world.

If we don't do anything, if we go along with the status quo, we are going to have a mass surveillance world.

अमेरिका ने अपने इतिहास में अपराधी समूहों, आतंकवादियों और जासूसों से कई खतरों का सामना किया है, लेकिन हमने हमेशा अपनी प्रतिक्रियाओं को सीमित रखा है। दुनिया भर में होने वाले हर विवाद के लिए हमने युद्ध का रास्ता नहीं चुना, क्योंकि यही संयम हमारी पहचान है। यही संयम हमें दुनिया का नेतृत्व करने का नैतिक अधिकार देता है।

The United States has faced threats from criminal groups, from terrorists, from spies throughout our history, and we have limited our responses. We haven't resorted to total war every time we have a conflict around the world, because that restraint is what defines us. That restraint is what gives us the moral standing to lead the world.

The United States has faced threats from criminal groups, from terrorists, from spies throughout our history, and we have limited our responses. We haven't resorted to total war every time we have a conflict around the world, because that restraint is what defines us. That restraint is what gives us the moral standing to lead the world.

नागरिकों का यह कर्तव्य है कि वे जनता के लिए अत्यधिक महत्व के मामलों में जानकारी दबाए जाने के खिलाफ आवाज़ उठाएँ। सच बोलना कोई अपराध नहीं है।

Citizens have to fight suppression of information on matters of vital public importance. To tell the truth is not a crime.

Citizens have to fight suppression of information on matters of vital public importance. To tell the truth is not a crime.

मॉस्को में मेरी सामाजिक ज़रूरतों के लिए मेरे पास पर्याप्त से भी ज़्यादा है, बस इतना समझ लीजिए।

I've got more than enough for my needs [for social life in Moscow], let's put it that way.

I've got more than enough for my needs [for social life in Moscow], let's put it that way.

मैं नेताओं की तलाश कर रहा था, लेकिन तब मुझे एहसास हुआ कि नेतृत्व का मतलब सबसे पहले खुद कदम उठाना है।

I had been looking for leaders, but I realized that leadership is about being the first to act.

I had been looking for leaders, but I realized that leadership is about being the first to act.

'ऑक्युपाई वॉल स्ट्रीट' में शामिल होने वाले उन सभी लोगों का काम छूटा और उन्हें पैसे नहीं मिले। ये वे लोग थे जो पहले से ही असमानता की मार झेल रहे थे, इसलिए उनके पास खोने के लिए कुछ खास नहीं था। लेकिन जिन लोगों ने अपनी आवाज़ बुलंद की और प्रभावी ढंग से अपनी बात रखी, प्रशासन ने तुरंत उन पर सख्ती की। उन्हें घेरा गया, उन पर पेपर स्प्रे किया गया और जेल में डाल दिया गया।

All those people who went out [to Occupy Wall Street] missed work, didn't get paid. Those were individuals who were already feeling the effects of inequality, so they didn't have a lot to lose. And then the individuals who were louder, more disruptive and, in many ways, more effective at drawing attention to their concerns were immediately castigated by authorities. They were cordoned off, pepper-sprayed, thrown in jail.

All those people who went out [to Occupy Wall Street] missed work, didn't get paid. Those were individuals who were already feeling the effects of inequality, so they didn't have a lot to lose. And then the individuals who were louder, more disruptive and, in many ways, more effective at drawing attention to their concerns were immediately castigated by authorities. They were cordoned off, pepper-sprayed, thrown in jail.

आखिरकार, यदि लोग इस बात को पहचानना छोड़ दें कि हमारे इतिहास में ऐसे समय भी आते हैं जब कानून और नैतिकता दो अलग बातें बन जाती हैं, तो हम केवल सरकार को अपने अधिकारों का नियंत्रण नहीं सौंप रहे होते, बल्कि अपना भविष्य भी उसके हवाले कर रहे होते हैं।

Ultimately, if people lose their willingness to recognize that there are times in our history when legality becomes distinct from morality, we aren't just ceding control of our rights to the government, but our futures.

Ultimately, if people lose their willingness to recognize that there are times in our history when legality becomes distinct from morality, we aren't just ceding control of our rights to the government, but our futures.

मैं इसे 'कबीलावाद' कहता हूँ क्योंकि ये बहुत ही संकुचित और कट्टर समुदाय हैं। इसमें शिष्टाचार की कमी साफ़ दिखती है, क्योंकि इंटरनेट के ये 'कबीले' ऐसे ही व्यवहार करते हैं। हम चुनावी राजनीति में भी इसे बढ़ते हुए देख रहे हैं, जो दिन-ब-दिन और ज़हरीली होती जा रही है।

I describe it as tribalism because they're very tightly woven communities. Lack of civility is part of it, because that's how Internet tribes behave. We see this more and more in electoral politics, which have become increasingly poisonous.

I describe it as tribalism because they're very tightly woven communities. Lack of civility is part of it, because that's how Internet tribes behave. We see this more and more in electoral politics, which have become increasingly poisonous.

मैं ऐसी दुनिया में नहीं रहना चाहता जहाँ कोई गोपनीयता न हो, और इसलिए बौद्धिक खोज और रचनात्मकता के लिए कोई जगह न बचे।

I don't want to live in a world where there's no privacy, and therefore no room for intellectual exploration and creativity.

I don't want to live in a world where there's no privacy, and therefore no room for intellectual exploration and creativity.

हमारे संविधान का इसमें साफ़ तौर पर उल्लंघन हुआ है, जिस पर कोई सवाल ही नहीं उठता।

There are unquestionable violations of our Constitution.

There are unquestionable violations of our Constitution.

मुझे नहीं लगता कि आज कोई भी ऐसा खतरा मौजूद है जो पूरी आबादी पर बड़े पैमाने पर निगरानी रखने को सही ठहरा सके।

I don't think there's anything, any threat out there today that anyone can point to, that justifies placing an entire population under mass surveillance.

I don't think there's anything, any threat out there today that anyone can point to, that justifies placing an entire population under mass surveillance.

संप्रभुता से अमेरिकी एकाधिकार तो खत्म हो जाएगा, लेकिन इससे इंटरनेट का कारोबार भी ठप हो जाएगा क्योंकि तब आपको हर देश में एक डेटा सेंटर बनाना होगा। और डेटा सेंटर बनाना बहुत खर्चीला काम है, इसमें भारी निवेश की ज़रूरत होती है।

[Sovereignty] would break the American monopoly, but it would also break Internet business, because you'd have to have a data center in every country. And data centers are tremendously expensive, a big capital investment.

[Sovereignty] would break the American monopoly, but it would also break Internet business, because you'd have to have a data center in every country. And data centers are tremendously expensive, a big capital investment.

शासित लोगों की सहमति, सहमति नहीं कहलाती यदि वह पूरी जानकारी के साथ न दी गई हो।

The consent of the governed is not consent if it is not informed.

The consent of the governed is not consent if it is not informed.

ज़रूरी नहीं कि सारा पैसा या नियंत्रण हमेशा इन वेंचर कैपिटल फंड्स और ऐसी ही दूसरी चीज़ों के पास ही सिमटा रहे।

It doesn't need to be consistently concentrated in these venture-capital funds and things like that.

It doesn't need to be consistently concentrated in these venture-capital funds and things like that.

यदि हमारे सर्वोच्च पदों पर बैठे लोगों को कड़ी जाँच से छूट मिल जाए तो सरकार पर से सारा विश्वास उठ जाता है - उन्हें पारदर्शिता की मिसाल पेश करनी चाहिए।

There can be no faith in government if our highest offices are excused from scrutiny - they should be setting the example of transparency.

There can be no faith in government if our highest offices are excused from scrutiny - they should be setting the example of transparency.

मैं आंद्रेई सखारोव की साख से तो वाकिफ हूँ, लेकिन उनके निजी जीवन के बारे में मुझे कुछ नहीं पता।

I'm familiar with Andrei Sakharov reputation, but I don't know his personal history at all.

I'm familiar with Andrei Sakharov reputation, but I don't know his personal history at all.

हमें अपनी गोपनीयता के लिए भीख मांगने की ज़रूरत नहीं है, हम इसे वापस छीन सकते हैं।

We don't have to ask for our privacy, we can take it back.

We don't have to ask for our privacy, we can take it back.

ऐसा लगता है जैसे ओबामा प्रशासन खुफिया एजेंसियों से डरा हुआ है। उन्हें डर है कि छोटी-छोटी जानकारियों के लीक होने से उनकी साख धीरे-धीरे खत्म हो जाएगी।

The [Barack] Obama administration almost appears as though it is afraid of the intelligence community. They're afraid of death by a thousand cuts - you know, leaks and things like that.

The [Barack] Obama administration almost appears as though it is afraid of the intelligence community. They're afraid of death by a thousand cuts - you know, leaks and things like that.

NSA ने एक ऐसा ढाँचा तैयार किया है जो उसे लगभग हर चीज़ को रोकने और खंगालने की अनुमति देता है।

The NSA has built an infrastructure that allows it to intercept almost everything.

The NSA has built an infrastructure that allows it to intercept almost everything.

शायद कुछ खास मीडिया संस्थान या वे लोग जो शोध पत्र पढ़ते हैं और विद्वानों से चर्चा करते हैं, इस बात को समझते हों क्योंकि उनके पास पूरी जानकारी है। लेकिन बहुत से लोग अब भी इस बात से अनजान हैं कि मेरा इरादा कभी रूस में बसने का नहीं था। उन्हें यह नहीं पता कि जब मैं लैटिन अमेरिका की फ्लाइट में नहीं चढ़ पाया क्योंकि अमेरिकी सरकार ने मेरा पासपोर्ट रद्द कर दिया था, तब पत्रकार मेरी खाली सीट की तस्वीरें लाइव ट्वीट कर रहे थे।

Maybe boutique media, maybe people who are reading papers and talking to academics and whatnot, maybe they understand, because they're high-information. But a lot of people are still unaware that I never intended to end up in Russia. They're not aware that journalists were live-tweeting pictures of my seat on the flight to Latin America I wasn't able to board because the US government revoked my passport.

Maybe boutique media, maybe people who are reading papers and talking to academics and whatnot, maybe they understand, because they're high-information. But a lot of people are still unaware that I never intended to end up in Russia. They're not aware that journalists were live-tweeting pictures of my seat on the flight to Latin America I wasn't able to board because the US government revoked my passport.

कोई भी विश्लेषक किसी भी समय किसी को भी निशाना बना सकता है। कोई भी चयनकर्ता, कहीं भी - मैं, अपनी मेज पर बैठकर, निश्चित रूप से किसी के भी फोन टैप करने का अधिकार रखता था, चाहे वह आप हों या आपका अकाउंटेंट, कोई संघीय न्यायाधीश हो, या फिर खुद राष्ट्रपति ही क्यों न हों।

Any analyst at any time can target anyone. Any selector, anywhere I, sitting at my desk, certainly had the authorities to wiretap anyone, from you or your accountant, to a federal judge, to even the President

Any analyst at any time can target anyone. Any selector, anywhere I, sitting at my desk, certainly had the authorities to wiretap anyone, from you or your accountant, to a federal judge, to even the President

जब मैं जापान में काम कर रहा था, तब मैंने एक ऐसा सिस्टम बनाया था जिससे किसी आपदा की स्थिति में खुफिया डेटा को दुनिया में कहीं से भी वापस पाया जा सके। उस समय मुझे बड़े पैमाने पर होने वाली निगरानी (मास सर्विलांस) के बारे में अंदाज़ा नहीं था। इसे बनाते समय मेरे मन में कुछ कानूनी सवाल आए। जब मैंने अपने वरिष्ठों से बात की, तो उन्होंने पलटकर पूछा, "हम इस डेटा का क्या करेंगे?" और मैं हैरान था क्योंकि मुझे तो पता भी नहीं था कि ऐसा कोई डेटा मौजूद है।

When I was working in Japan, I created a system for ensuring that intelligence data was globally recoverable in the event of a disaster. I was not aware of the scope of mass surveillance. I came across some legal questions when I was creating it. My superiors pushed back and were like, "Well, how are we going to deal with this data?" And I was like, "I didn't even know it existed."

When I was working in Japan, I created a system for ensuring that intelligence data was globally recoverable in the event of a disaster. I was not aware of the scope of mass surveillance. I came across some legal questions when I was creating it. My superiors pushed back and were like, "Well, how are we going to deal with this data?" And I was like, "I didn't even know it existed."

मेरा सोचना यह है कि अगर आप अपने देश की मदद के लिए थोड़ी बहुत गालियां सुनने को भी तैयार नहीं हैं, तो फिर आप देश की परवाह ही नहीं करते।

My perspective is if you're not willing to be called a few names to help out your country, you don't care enough.

My perspective is if you're not willing to be called a few names to help out your country, you don't care enough.

अमेरिकी प्रशासन नहीं चाहता कि मैं वापस लौटूँ। लोग भूल जाते हैं कि मैं रूस कैसे पहुँचा। उन्होंने मेरा पासपोर्ट रद्द करने के लिए मेरे हॉन्गकॉन्ग से निकलने का इंतज़ार किया ताकि मुझे रूस में फँसाया जा सके, क्योंकि अमेरिका के मौजूदा राजनीतिक माहौल में मेरे खिलाफ यह उनका सबसे कारगर हथियार है।

US administration does not want me to return. People forget how I ended up in Russia. They waited until I departed Hong Kong to cancel my passport in order to trap me in Russia, because it's the most effective attack they have against me, given the political climate in the United States.

US administration does not want me to return. People forget how I ended up in Russia. They waited until I departed Hong Kong to cancel my passport in order to trap me in Russia, because it's the most effective attack they have against me, given the political climate in the United States.

एनएसए (NSA) ने एक ऐसा ढांचा तैयार किया है जिसकी मदद से वह लगभग हर चीज़ पर नज़र रख सकती है। इस क्षमता के साथ, बिना किसी को खास तौर पर निशाना बनाए, आम लोगों की ज़्यादातर बातचीत स्वतः रिकॉर्ड हो जाती है। अगर मैं आपके या आपकी पत्नी के फोन के ईमेल देखना चाहूँ, तो मुझे बस इंटरसेप्ट का इस्तेमाल करना होगा। मैं आपके ईमेल, पासवर्ड, फोन रिकॉर्ड और क्रेडिट कार्ड की जानकारी हासिल कर सकता हूँ।

The NSA has built an infrastructure that allows it to intercept almost everything. With this capability, the vast majority of human communications are automatically ingested without targeting. If I wanted to see your emails or your wife's phone, all I have to do is use intercepts. I can get your emails, passwords, phone records, credit cards.

The NSA has built an infrastructure that allows it to intercept almost everything. With this capability, the vast majority of human communications are automatically ingested without targeting. If I wanted to see your emails or your wife's phone, all I have to do is use intercepts. I can get your emails, passwords, phone records, credit cards.

मैं न्यूयॉर्क में ACLU के दफ्तर में लोगों से लगातार बात करता रहता हूँ। मैं सुधारों की बहस और अभियानों में हिस्सा ले पा रहा हूँ। बस फर्क इतना है कि मैं अपनी तरह से सामने आने वाला और सफल होने वाला पहला व्यक्ति हूँ।

I talk to people in the ACLU office in New York all the time. I'm able to participate in the debate and to campaign for reform. I'm just the first to come forward in the manner that I did and succeed.

I talk to people in the ACLU office in New York all the time. I'm able to participate in the debate and to campaign for reform. I'm just the first to come forward in the manner that I did and succeed.

यह सरकार उस जागरूक और गुस्से से भरे समाज से डरती है जो अपने से किए गए वादे के मुताबिक एक संवैधानिक सरकार की माँग करता है—और उसे डरना भी चाहिए।

It is afraid of an informed, angry public demanding the constitutional government it was promised - and it should be.

It is afraid of an informed, angry public demanding the constitutional government it was promised - and it should be.

जब सरकारें उन लोगों को सज़ा देने के लिए हद पार कर देती हैं जो देश के लिए खतरा नहीं बल्कि सिर्फ असहमति जता रहे हैं, तो वे न केवल अपनी न्याय प्रणाली बल्कि खुद सरकार की साख को भी खतरे में डालती हैं। क्योंकि जब वे उन कामों के लिए लोगों पर राजनीतिक आरोप लगाते हैं जो साफ़ तौर पर जनहित में किए गए थे, तो वे उन्हें जनहित के आधार पर अपना बचाव करने के मौके से भी वंचित कर देते हैं।

When governments go too far to punish people for actions that are dissent rather than a real threat to the nation, they risk delegitimizing not just their systems of justice, but the legitimacy of the government itself. Because when they bring political charges against people for acts that were clearly at least intended to work in the public interest, they deny them the opportunity to mount a public-interest defense.

When governments go too far to punish people for actions that are dissent rather than a real threat to the nation, they risk delegitimizing not just their systems of justice, but the legitimacy of the government itself. Because when they bring political charges against people for acts that were clearly at least intended to work in the public interest, they deny them the opportunity to mount a public-interest defense.

मुझे अपने साथ होने वाली किसी भी बात से ज़्यादा देश की फिक्र है। लेकिन हम कानून को राजनीति का हथियार बनने नहीं दे सकते और न ही इस बात के लिए राजी हो सकते हैं कि लोग अपने अधिकारों के लिए खड़े होने से डरें, चाहे सौदा कितना भी अच्छा क्यों न हो। मैं इस सबका हिस्सा नहीं बनने वाला।

I care more about the country than what happens to me. But we can't allow the law to become a political weapon or agree to scare people away from standing up for their rights, no matter how good the deal. I'm not going to be part of that.

I care more about the country than what happens to me. But we can't allow the law to become a political weapon or agree to scare people away from standing up for their rights, no matter how good the deal. I'm not going to be part of that.

एनएसए के खुलासों को एक साल से ज़्यादा समय हो गया है। कांग्रेस के सामने घंटों की गवाही और अपना स्वार्थ साधने वाले गुमनाम अधिकारियों के बयानों के बावजूद, आज तक एक भी अमेरिकी अधिकारी या सरकार का प्रतिनिधि यह साबित नहीं कर पाया कि इन खुलासों से किसी एक व्यक्ति को भी नुकसान पहुँचा है। यह तब है जब एनएसए के पूर्व निदेशक कीथ अलेक्जेंडर ने कहा था कि इससे देश को गंभीर और अपूरणीय क्षति होगी।

We're now more than a year since my NSA revelations, and despite numerous hours of testimony before Congress, despite tons of off-the-record quotes from anonymous officials who have an ax to grind, not a single US official, not a single representative of the United States government, has ever pointed to a single case of individualized harm caused by these revelations. This, despite the fact that former NSA director Keith Alexander said this would cause grave and irrevocable harm to the nation.

We're now more than a year since my NSA revelations, and despite numerous hours of testimony before Congress, despite tons of off-the-record quotes from anonymous officials who have an ax to grind, not a single US official, not a single representative of the United States government, has ever pointed to a single case of individualized harm caused by these revelations. This, despite the fact that former NSA director Keith Alexander said this would cause grave and irrevocable harm to the nation.

मैं अपने जमीर को इस बात की इजाजत नहीं दे सकता कि अमेरिकी सरकार इस गुप्त रूप से बनाए जा रहे विशाल सर्विलांस तंत्र के ज़रिए दुनिया भर के लोगों की निजता, इंटरनेट की स्वतंत्रता और बुनियादी आज़ादी को नष्ट कर दे।

I can't in good conscience allow the U.S. government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and basic liberties for people around the world with this massive surveillance machine they're secretly building.

I can't in good conscience allow the U.S. government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and basic liberties for people around the world with this massive surveillance machine they're secretly building.

आपसे एक शपथ लेने को कहा जाता है, और वह है सेवा की शपथ। यह शपथ गोपनीयता की नहीं, बल्कि संविधान की रक्षा की है—ताकि उसे बाहरी और भीतरी, हर तरह के दुश्मनों से बचाया जा सके। मैंने इसी शपथ का पालन किया, जबकि जेम्स क्लैपर और एनएसए के पूर्व निदेशक कीथ अलेक्जेंडर ने ऐसा नहीं किया। जब आप सेवा में शामिल होते हैं, तो हाथ उठाकर यह शपथ लेते हैं। खुफिया एजेंसियों में काम करने वाले हर सरकारी अधिकारी को यह शपथ लेनी होती है—कम से कम मैंने तो वहीं ली थी।

You are also asked to take an oath, and that's the oath of service. The oath of service is not to secrecy, but to the Constitution - to protect it against all enemies, foreign and domestic. That's the oath that I kept, that James Clapper and former NSA director Keith Alexander did not. You raise your hand and you take the oath in your class when you are on board. All government officials are made to do it who work for the intelligence agencies - at least, that's where I took the oath.

You are also asked to take an oath, and that's the oath of service. The oath of service is not to secrecy, but to the Constitution - to protect it against all enemies, foreign and domestic. That's the oath that I kept, that James Clapper and former NSA director Keith Alexander did not. You raise your hand and you take the oath in your class when you are on board. All government officials are made to do it who work for the intelligence agencies - at least, that's where I took the oath.

इन खुलासों के बाद अमेरिका के भविष्य को लेकर मेरे मन में सबसे बड़ा डर यही है कि कुछ नहीं बदलेगा।

The greatest fear that I have regarding the outcome for America of these disclosures is that nothing will change.

The greatest fear that I have regarding the outcome for America of these disclosures is that nothing will change.

डैनियल एल्सबर्ग और भारी त्याग करने वाले अन्य लोगों को 'नायक' कहना—भले ही उनके काम साहसी हों—उन्हें उनके नागरिक कर्तव्य से अलग कर देता है। यह हम बाकी लोगों को उस नागरिक कर्तव्य से मुक्त कर देता है जिसके तहत हमें गलत होते देख आवाज़ उठानी चाहिए। जब हम अपनी सरकार को गंभीर अपराधों, सत्ता के दुरुपयोग और संविधान के बड़े पैमाने पर उल्लंघन में शामिल देखते हैं, तो हमें बोलना ही होगा, वरना हम भी उस गलत काम में भागीदार बन जाते हैं।

Using the language of heroism, calling Daniel Ellsberg a hero, and calling the other people who made great sacrifices heroes - even though what they have done is heroic - is to distinguish them from the civic duty they performed, and excuses the rest of us from the same civic duty to speak out when we see something wrong, when we witness our government engaging in serious crimes, abusing power, engaging in massive historic violations of the Constitution of the United States. We have to speak out or we are party to that bad action.

Using the language of heroism, calling Daniel Ellsberg a hero, and calling the other people who made great sacrifices heroes - even though what they have done is heroic - is to distinguish them from the civic duty they performed, and excuses the rest of us from the same civic duty to speak out when we see something wrong, when we witness our government engaging in serious crimes, abusing power, engaging in massive historic violations of the Constitution of the United States. We have to speak out or we are party to that bad action.

क्योंकि याद रखिए, मैं समाज को बदलना नहीं चाहता था। मैं तो समाज को बस यह तय करने का मौका देना चाहता था कि क्या उसे खुद को बदलना चाहिए।

Because, remember, I didn't want to change society. I wanted to give society a chance to determine if it should change itself.

Because, remember, I didn't want to change society. I wanted to give society a chance to determine if it should change itself.

प्रशासन उन सभी लोगों के खिलाफ सख्ती बरतेगा जो मुझे जानते हैं। यही बात मुझे रात भर सोने नहीं देती।

They [the authorities] will act aggressively against anyone who has known me. That keeps me up at night.

They [the authorities] will act aggressively against anyone who has known me. That keeps me up at night.

बाथटब में फिसलने से और पुलिस अधिकारियों के हाथों मरने वाले अमेरिकी, आतंकवाद से कहीं ज़्यादा हैं, फिर भी हमसे यह अपेक्षा की जाती है कि हम आतंकवाद के डर के आगे अपने सबसे पवित्र अधिकारों की बलि चढ़ा दें।

Bathtub falls and police officers kill more Americans than terrorism, yet we've been asked to sacrifice our most sacred rights for fear of falling victim to it.

Bathtub falls and police officers kill more Americans than terrorism, yet we've been asked to sacrifice our most sacred rights for fear of falling victim to it.

मैंने सार्वजनिक किए गए हर दस्तावेज़ की बारीकी से जांच की ताकि यह सुनिश्चित हो सके कि वे वाकई जनहित में हैं। ऐसे कई दस्तावेज़ थे जो बड़ा धमाका कर सकते थे, लेकिन मैंने उन्हें उजागर नहीं किया क्योंकि मेरा मकसद लोगों को नुकसान पहुँचाना नहीं, बल्कि पारदर्शिता लाना है।

I carefully evaluated every single document I disclosed to ensure that each was legitimately in the public interest. There are all sorts of documents that would have made a big impact that I didn't turn over, because harming people isn't my goal. Transparency is.

I carefully evaluated every single document I disclosed to ensure that each was legitimately in the public interest. There are all sorts of documents that would have made a big impact that I didn't turn over, because harming people isn't my goal. Transparency is.

वह कदम उठाना वाकई बहुत मुश्किल होता है—न सिर्फ इसलिए कि आप किसी बात को मानते हैं, बल्कि इसलिए कि आप उस पर इतना यकीन करते हैं कि आप अपनी पूरी ज़िंदगी को आग के हवाले करने और उसे खाक में मिलाने को तैयार हो जाते हैं।

It's really hard to take that step-not only do I believe in something, I believe in it enough that I'm willing to set my own life on fire and burn it to the ground.

It's really hard to take that step-not only do I believe in something, I believe in it enough that I'm willing to set my own life on fire and burn it to the ground.

सीआईए के ज़्यादातर रहस्य मशीनों या सिस्टम के बारे में नहीं बल्कि लोगों के बारे में होते हैं, इसलिए मैं ऐसी कोई भी जानकारी बाहर नहीं लाना चाहता था जिससे किसी की जान को खतरा हो।

Most of the secrets the CIA has are about people, not machines and systems, so I didn't feel comfortable with disclosures that I thought could endanger anyone.

Most of the secrets the CIA has are about people, not machines and systems, so I didn't feel comfortable with disclosures that I thought could endanger anyone.

आज पैदा होने वाला बच्चा जब बड़ा होगा तो उसे निजता का कोई अंदाज़ ही नहीं होगा।

A child born today will grow up with no conception of privacy at all.

A child born today will grow up with no conception of privacy at all.

मेरा इरादा हॉन्गकॉन्ग की अदालतों और वहां के लोगों से यह कहना है कि वे मेरे भविष्य का फैसला करें।

My intention is to ask the courts and people of Hong Kong to decide my fate.

My intention is to ask the courts and people of Hong Kong to decide my fate.

हम किसी क्रांतिकारी दौर में नहीं जी रहे हैं। लोग सत्ता को चुनौती देने के लिए तैयार ही नहीं हैं।

We do not live in a revolutionary time. People are not prepared to contest power.

We do not live in a revolutionary time. People are not prepared to contest power.

इन गतिविधियों का गलत अर्थ निकाला जा सकता है और इनका इस्तेमाल आपको नुकसान पहुँचाने के लिए किया जा सकता है, भले ही सरकार का इरादा आपके साथ कुछ गलत करने का न हो।

These activities can be misconstrued, misinterpreted, and used to harm you as an individual even without the government having any intent to do you wrong.

These activities can be misconstrued, misinterpreted, and used to harm you as an individual even without the government having any intent to do you wrong.

अमेरिकी सरकार को अभी भी यह नहीं पता कि मेरे पास कौन-कौन से दस्तावेज हैं, क्योंकि एन्क्रिप्शन (डेटा सुरक्षा) अपना काम बखूबी करती है।

The US government still has no idea what documents I have because encryption works

The US government still has no idea what documents I have because encryption works

मैं अब भी सरकार के लिए ही काम कर रहा हूँ।

I'm still working for the government.

I'm still working for the government.

आपको आखिरकार किसी न किसी की नज़र में शक के घेरे में आना ही पड़ता है, भले ही इसके लिए कोई गलत फैसला ही ज़िम्मेदार क्यों न हो। और फिर वे इस सिस्टम का इस्तेमाल करके अतीत में जा सकते हैं और आपके द्वारा लिए गए हर फैसले, उस हर व्यक्ति की बारीकी से जाँच कर सकते हैं जिससे आपने कभी किसी बात पर चर्चा की हो। और फिर एक बेकसूर इंसान की ज़िंदगी पर शक पैदा करने और किसी को भी गलत साबित करने के लिए वे इसी आधार पर आप पर हमला कर सकते हैं।

You simply have to eventually fall under suspicion from somebody even by a wrong call. And then they can use this system to go back in time and scrutinize every decision you've ever made, every friend you've ever discussed something with. And attack you on that basis to sort to derive suspicion from an innocent life and paint anyone in the context of a wrongdoer.

You simply have to eventually fall under suspicion from somebody even by a wrong call. And then they can use this system to go back in time and scrutinize every decision you've ever made, every friend you've ever discussed something with. And attack you on that basis to sort to derive suspicion from an innocent life and paint anyone in the context of a wrongdoer.

मैं जानता हूँ कि मुझे अपने किए की सज़ा भुगतनी होगी और जनता तक यह जानकारी पहुँचाने का मतलब मेरा अंत है।

I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, and that the return of this information to the public marks my end.

I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, and that the return of this information to the public marks my end.

जो सही है, वह हमेशा कानूनी हो, यह ज़रूरी नहीं है।

What is right is not always the same as what is legal

What is right is not always the same as what is legal

मेरा मामला साफ़ तौर पर दिखाता है कि व्हिसलब्लोअर सुरक्षा कानून में व्यापक सुधार की कितनी ज़रूरत है। अगर हमारे पास कोई सही प्रक्रिया होती और गड़बड़ियों की शिकायत किसी स्वतंत्र मध्यस्थ से की जा सकती, न कि उन्हीं अधिकारियों से जो खुद इसमें शामिल हैं, तो शायद मुझे वह सब करने के लिए इतना बड़ा त्याग नहीं करना पड़ता जिसे अब राष्ट्रपति भी ज़रूरी मान रहे हैं।

My case clearly demonstrates the need for comprehensive whistleblower protection act reform. If we had had a real process in place, and reports of wrongdoing could be taken to real, independent arbiters rather than captured officials, I might not have had to sacrifice so much to do what at this point even the President seems to agree needed to be done.

My case clearly demonstrates the need for comprehensive whistleblower protection act reform. If we had had a real process in place, and reports of wrongdoing could be taken to real, independent arbiters rather than captured officials, I might not have had to sacrifice so much to do what at this point even the President seems to agree needed to be done.

इन खुलासों के बाद अमेरिका के भविष्य को लेकर मेरे मन में जो सबसे बड़ा डर है, वह यह है कि कुछ नहीं बदलेगा। लोग बदलाव लाने के लिए खड़े होने और लड़ने का जोखिम उठाने को तैयार नहीं होंगे। आने वाले महीनों और सालों में हालात और बदतर होते चले जाएंगे। एनएसए (NSA) कहेगी कि संकट, दुनिया के सामने मौजूद खतरों और किसी नए व अप्रत्याशित खतरे की वजह से हमें और अधिक अधिकार और ताक़त चाहिए, और उस बिंदु पर आकर लोग इसका विरोध करने के लिए कुछ नहीं कर पाएंगे। और यह एक ऐसी तानाशाही होगी जिसका स्विच कभी भी चालू किया जा सकता है।

The great fear that I have regarding the outcome for America of these disclosures is that nothing will change. [People] won't be willing to take the risks necessary to stand up and fight to change things And in the months ahead, the years ahead, it's only going to get worse. [The NSA will] say that because of the crisis, the dangers that we face in the world, some new and unpredicted threat, we need more authority, we need more power, and there will be nothing the people can do at that point to oppose it. And it will be turnkey tyranny.

The great fear that I have regarding the outcome for America of these disclosures is that nothing will change. [People] won't be willing to take the risks necessary to stand up and fight to change things And in the months ahead, the years ahead, it's only going to get worse. [The NSA will] say that because of the crisis, the dangers that we face in the world, some new and unpredicted threat, we need more authority, we need more power, and there will be nothing the people can do at that point to oppose it. And it will be turnkey tyranny.

इसके लिए नीतिगत और तकनीकी, दोनों स्तरों पर बदलाव की ज़रूरत है। और यह काम डेवलपर समुदाय ही कर सकता है—वही ऐसे समाधान निकाल सकते हैं जो हमारी सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करें।

There is a policy response that needs to occur. There is also a technical response that needs to occur. It is the development community that can really craft the solutions and make sure we are safe.

There is a policy response that needs to occur. There is also a technical response that needs to occur. It is the development community that can really craft the solutions and make sure we are safe.

आपको इंटरनेट के काम करने का तरीका याद रखना होगा, जब आप किसी सर्वर से संवाद करते हैं, तो बहुत संभावना है कि वह आपके देश में नहीं है। वह दुनिया में कहीं और है।

You have to remember the way the internet works, when you communicate with the server, it's very likely not in your country. It's somewhere else in the world.

You have to remember the way the internet works, when you communicate with the server, it's very likely not in your country. It's somewhere else in the world.

अगर आप मदद करना चाहते हैं, तो ओपन सोर्स कम्युनिटी से जुड़ें और प्रेस की आज़ादी व इंटरनेट की स्वतंत्रता को बचाए रखने के लिए लड़ें। मैंने सरकार के सबसे अंधेरे कोनों को करीब से देखा है, और वे जिस चीज़ से सबसे ज़्यादा डरते हैं, वह है रोशनी।

If you seek to help, join the open source community and fight to keep the spirit of the press alive and the internet free. I have been to the darkest corners of government, and what they fear is light.

If you seek to help, join the open source community and fight to keep the spirit of the press alive and the internet free. I have been to the darkest corners of government, and what they fear is light.

ज़मीर वाले नागरिक सिर्फ इसलिए गलत कामों को नज़रअंदाज़ नहीं करेंगे क्योंकि इसके लिए उन्हें तबाह कर दिया जाएगा: उनका ज़मीर इसकी इजाज़त नहीं देता।

Citizens with a conscience are not going to ignore wrong-doing simply because they'll be destroyed for it: the conscience forbids it.

Citizens with a conscience are not going to ignore wrong-doing simply because they'll be destroyed for it: the conscience forbids it.

एक नियम बना लीजिए, जब तक आपके पास विकल्प है, कभी भी ब्रिटेन के नेटवर्क का इस्तेमाल न करें। वहां की फाइबर लाइनें 'रेडियोएक्टिव' हैं, यानी वहां सब कुछ निगरानी में है; यहां तक कि महारानी की निजी तस्वीरें भी रिकॉर्ड कर ली जाती हैं।

As a general rule, so long as you have any choice at all, you should never route through or peer with the UK under any circumstances. Their fibers are radioactive, and even the Queen's selfies to the pool boy get logged.

As a general rule, so long as you have any choice at all, you should never route through or peer with the UK under any circumstances. Their fibers are radioactive, and even the Queen's selfies to the pool boy get logged.

अमेरिकी सरकार मुझे जेल में डालकर या मेरी हत्या करके इस सच्चाई को छुपा नहीं पाएगी। सच सामने आ रहा है, और उसे रोका नहीं जा सकता।

The US government is not going to be able to cover this up by jailing or murdering me. Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped.

The US government is not going to be able to cover this up by jailing or murdering me. Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped.

मैं बस दफ्तर में काम करने वाला एक आम इंसान हूं, जो रोज़ाना हो रही गतिविधियों को देख रहा था और मुझे लगा कि यह तय करना हमारा काम नहीं है। जनता को यह फैसला करने का हक होना चाहिए कि ये नीतियां और कार्यक्रम सही हैं या गलत।

I'm just another guy who sits there day to day in the office, watching what's happening, and goes, 'This is something that's not our place to decide.' The public needs to decide whether these programs or policies are right or wrong.

I'm just another guy who sits there day to day in the office, watching what's happening, and goes, 'This is something that's not our place to decide.' The public needs to decide whether these programs or policies are right or wrong.

अमेरिका में व्हाइट हाउस ने दो अलग-अलग स्वतंत्र पैनल नियुक्त किए थे, जिन्हें पिछले 10 सालों से अमेरिका में चल रहे इस मुख्य निगरानी तंत्र की गोपनीय जानकारी तक पूरी पहुँच थी। उन्होंने पाया कि देश के हर नागरिक की कॉल इंटरसेप्ट करने के बावजूद, इसने एक भी आतंकवादी हमले को नहीं रोका। तो सवाल यह उठता है कि अगर हम जानते हैं कि ये नीतियां काम नहीं करतीं, अगर इनसे आतंकवाद नहीं रुकता, तो ये अधिकारी ऐसी नीतियां क्यों अपना रहे हैं?

In the United States the White House has appointed two different independent panels who had full access to classified information for the last 10 years that master balance has been in place in the United States, and they found that despite intercepting the calls - everybody in the country, - it had never stopped a single terrorist attack. So the question is, why would these officials be pursuing these policies, if we know they don't work, if they don't stop terrorism?

In the United States the White House has appointed two different independent panels who had full access to classified information for the last 10 years that master balance has been in place in the United States, and they found that despite intercepting the calls - everybody in the country, - it had never stopped a single terrorist attack. So the question is, why would these officials be pursuing these policies, if we know they don't work, if they don't stop terrorism?

अगर ओबामा प्रशासन मेरे खिलाफ और भी सख्त कदम उठाता है, तो वे यकीन रखें कि उन्हें जनता के उतने ही कड़े विरोध का सामना करना पड़ेगा।

If the Obama administration responds with an even harsher hand against me, they can be assured that they'll soon find themselves facing an equally harsh public response.

If the Obama administration responds with an even harsher hand against me, they can be assured that they'll soon find themselves facing an equally harsh public response.

हमारे अधिकार सरकारों द्वारा नहीं दिए जाते। वे हमारे स्वभाव में ही शामिल हैं। लेकिन सरकारों के मामले में यह बिल्कुल उल्टा है: उनके अधिकार ठीक उतने ही हैं जितने अधिकार हम उन्हें अपनी मर्ज़ी से भोगने देते हैं।

Our rights are not granted by governments. They are inherent to our nature. But it's entirely the opposite for governments: their privileges are precisely equal to only those which we suffer them to enjoy.

Our rights are not granted by governments. They are inherent to our nature. But it's entirely the opposite for governments: their privileges are precisely equal to only those which we suffer them to enjoy.

इसके लिए एनएसए (NSA) खास तौर पर हर किसी की बातचीत पर नज़र रखता है। वे डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से सारा डेटा सोख लेते हैं, उसे सिस्टम में इकट्ठा करते हैं, फिल्टर करते हैं, उसका विश्लेषण करते हैं और उसे सहेज कर रखते हैं। उनके लिए अपने लक्ष्यों को पाने का यह सबसे आसान और कारगर तरीका है। भले ही उनका इरादा किसी विदेशी सरकार या आतंकवादी पर नज़र रखने का हो, लेकिन ऐसा करने के लिए वे आपकी निजी बातचीत भी इकट्ठा कर रहे होते हैं।

To do that they, the NSA specifically, targets the communications of everyone. It ingests them by default. It collects them in its system and it filters them and it analyses them and it measures them and it stores them for periods of time simply because that's the easiest, most efficient, and most valuable way to achieve these ends. So while they may be intending to target someone associated with a foreign government or someone they suspect of terrorism, they're collecting you're communications to do so.

To do that they, the NSA specifically, targets the communications of everyone. It ingests them by default. It collects them in its system and it filters them and it analyses them and it measures them and it stores them for periods of time simply because that's the easiest, most efficient, and most valuable way to achieve these ends. So while they may be intending to target someone associated with a foreign government or someone they suspect of terrorism, they're collecting you're communications to do so.

अमेरिका कुल मिलाकर एक अच्छा देश है। हमारे यहाँ अच्छे लोग हैं जिनके अच्छे मूल्य हैं और जो सही काम करना चाहते हैं। लेकिन सत्ता के जो मौजूदा ढांचे हैं, वे जनता की आज़ादी की कीमत पर अपनी ताकत बढ़ाने के लिए अपने स्वार्थ साधने में लगे हैं।

America is a fundamentally good country. We have good people with good values who want to do the right thing. But the structures of power that exist are working to their own ends to extend their capability at the expense of the freedom of all publics.

America is a fundamentally good country. We have good people with good values who want to do the right thing. But the structures of power that exist are working to their own ends to extend their capability at the expense of the freedom of all publics.

जब सीनेटरों ने इसकी व्यापकता के बारे में पूछा, तो एनएसए ने कहा कि उनके पास इसका जवाब देने के लिए साधन नहीं हैं। जबकि सच यह है कि हमारे पास वे साधन हैं और मेरे पास ऐसे नक्शे हैं जो बताते हैं कि किन लोगों पर सबसे ज़्यादा नज़र रखी गई। हम रूसियों से कहीं ज़्यादा खुद अमेरिकी नागरिकों के डिजिटल डेटा को इकट्ठा करते हैं।

I believe that when [senator Ron] Wyden and [senator Mark] Udall asked about the scale of this, they [the NSA] said it did not have the tools to provide an answer. We do have the tools and I have maps showing where people have been scrutinised most. We collect more digital communications from America than we do from the Russians.

I believe that when [senator Ron] Wyden and [senator Mark] Udall asked about the scale of this, they [the NSA] said it did not have the tools to provide an answer. We do have the tools and I have maps showing where people have been scrutinised most. We collect more digital communications from America than we do from the Russians.

ठीक से लागू किए गए मजबूत क्रिप्टो सिस्टम उन गिनी-चुनी चीज़ों में से हैं जिन पर आप भरोसा कर सकते हैं।

Properly implemented strong crypto systems are one of the few things that you can rely on.

Properly implemented strong crypto systems are one of the few things that you can rely on.

अब मुझे कोई नहीं बचा सकता।

There's no saving me.

There's no saving me.

गलत कामों का पर्दाफाश करने पर अमेरिकी सरकार द्वारा अपने लोगों को अंजाम भुगतने की धमकी देकर डराना-धमकाना जनहित के खिलाफ है।

Allowing the U.S. government to intimidate its people with threats of retaliation for revealing wrongdoing is contrary to the public interest.

Allowing the U.S. government to intimidate its people with threats of retaliation for revealing wrongdoing is contrary to the public interest.

मुझे बस इस बात का डर है कि मेरे परिवार पर इसका क्या बुरा असर पड़ेगा, क्योंकि अब मैं उनकी मदद करने की स्थिति में नहीं रहूंगा। यही चिंता मुझे रात भर सोने नहीं देती।

The only thing I fear is the harmful effects on my family, who I won't be able to help any more. That's what keeps me up at night.

The only thing I fear is the harmful effects on my family, who I won't be able to help any more. That's what keeps me up at night.

सरकार ने खुद को ऐसे अधिकार दे दिए हैं जिनके वह काबिल नहीं है। जनता की कोई निगरानी नहीं है। इसका परिणाम यह होता है कि मुझ जैसे लोगों को अपनी तय सीमा से आगे बढ़ने की छूट मिल जाती है।

The government has granted itself power it is not entitled to. There is no public oversight. The result is people like myself have the latitude to go further than they are allowed to.

The government has granted itself power it is not entitled to. There is no public oversight. The result is people like myself have the latitude to go further than they are allowed to.

जब वे कहते हैं कि मैं सिर्फ एक मामूली सिस्टम एडमिनिस्ट्रेटर हूं और मुझे कुछ पता नहीं है, तो मैं यही कहूंगा कि वे लोगों को गुमराह कर रहे हैं।

So when they say I'm a low-level systems administrator, that I don't know what I'm talking about, I'd say it's somewhat misleading.

So when they say I'm a low-level systems administrator, that I don't know what I'm talking about, I'd say it's somewhat misleading.

इंटरनेट इंसानों द्वारा बनाया गया अब तक का सबसे जटिल सिस्टम है। और इंटरनेट से जुड़ी अब तक की हर आक्रामक कार्रवाई में, हमने इसके साइड-इफेक्ट्स (दुष्परिणाम) देखे हैं। हमने इसके ऐसे परिणाम देखे हैं जिनकी हमने कभी उम्मीद भी नहीं की थी।

The internet is the most complex system that humans have ever invented. And with every internet enabled operation that we've seen so far, all of these offensive operations, we see knock on effects. We see unintended consequences.

The internet is the most complex system that humans have ever invented. And with every internet enabled operation that we've seen so far, all of these offensive operations, we see knock on effects. We see unintended consequences.

हमारे पास बिना किसी नए कानून या नीतिगत बदलाव के भी इस व्यापक निगरानी को खत्म करने के साधन और तकनीक मौजूद हैं।

We have the means and we have the technology to end mass surveillance without any legislative action at all, without any policy changes.

We have the means and we have the technology to end mass surveillance without any legislative action at all, without any policy changes.

मैं न तो गद्दार हूँ और न ही हीरो। मैं एक अमेरिकी हूँ।

I’m neither traitor nor hero. I’m an American.

I’m neither traitor nor hero. I’m an American.

मेरा चीनी सरकार से कोई संपर्क नहीं रहा है... मैं सिर्फ पत्रकारों के साथ काम करता हूं।

I have had no contact with the Chinese government ... I only work with journalists.

I have had no contact with the Chinese government ... I only work with journalists.

एन्क्रिप्शन काम करती है। सही तरीके से लागू किए गए मजबूत क्रिप्टो सिस्टम उन कुछ चीज़ों में से हैं जिन पर आप आँख मूँदकर भरोसा कर सकते हैं। दुर्भाग्य से, एंडपॉइंट सिक्योरिटी (अंतिम छोर की सुरक्षा) इतनी कमज़ोर है कि एनएसए अक्सर इससे बचने के रास्ते ढूँढ़ ही लेती है।

Encryption works. Properly implemented strong crypto systems are one of the few things that you can rely on. Unfortunately, endpoint security is so terrifically weak that NSA can frequently find ways around it.

Encryption works. Properly implemented strong crypto systems are one of the few things that you can rely on. Unfortunately, endpoint security is so terrifically weak that NSA can frequently find ways around it.

एनएसए (NSA) और इज़राइल ने मिलकर 'स्टक्सनेट' (Stuxnet) बनाया था।

The NSA and Israel wrote Stuxnet together.

The NSA and Israel wrote Stuxnet together.

जब आप यह कहते हैं कि, 'मेरे पास छुपाने के लिए कुछ नहीं है,' तो आप दरअसल यह कह रहे हैं कि, 'मुझे इस अधिकार की कोई परवाह नहीं है।' आप यह कह रहे हैं कि, 'मेरे पास यह अधिकार है ही नहीं, क्योंकि मुझे अब इसके पक्ष में सफाई देनी पड़ रही है।' अधिकारों के काम करने का तरीका यह है कि सरकार को आपके अधिकारों में दखل देने के लिए अपनी बात साबित करनी होती है।

When you say, ‘I have nothing to hide,’ you’re saying, ‘I don’t care about this right.’ You’re saying, ‘I don’t have this right, because I’ve got to the point where I have to justify it.’ The way rights work is, the government has to justify its intrusion into your rights.

When you say, ‘I have nothing to hide,’ you’re saying, ‘I don’t care about this right.’ You’re saying, ‘I don’t have this right, because I’ve got to the point where I have to justify it.’ The way rights work is, the government has to justify its intrusion into your rights.

कड़वा सच यह है कि जो समाज व्हिसलब्लोअर्स से शहीद होने की उम्मीद रखते हैं, अंत में उनके पास न तो शहीद बचते हैं और न ही सच बोलने वाले, और ऐसा अक्सर तब होता है जब उनकी सबसे ज़्यादा ज़रूरत होती है।

The sad truth is that societies that demand whistleblowers be martyrs often find themselves without either, and always when it matters the most.

The sad truth is that societies that demand whistleblowers be martyrs often find themselves without either, and always when it matters the most.

समस्या यह है कि हम अपनी ताकत खोते जा रहे हैं। सरकारों को लगातार ज़्यादा ताकत मिल रही है और उस ताकत को नियंत्रित करने, यहाँ तक कि उस ताकत के बारे में जागरूक रहने की हमारी क्षमता कम होती जा रही है।

The issue is we're losing leverage. Governments are increasingly getting more power and we are increasingly losing our ability to control that power, and even to be aware of that power.

The issue is we're losing leverage. Governments are increasingly getting more power and we are increasingly losing our ability to control that power, and even to be aware of that power.

हमारे संस्थापकों ने यह नहीं लिखा था कि 'हम इन सत्यों को स्वतः स्पष्ट मानते हैं कि सभी अमेरिकी नागरिक समान बनाए गए हैं।' (उनका आशय पूरी मानवता से था, न कि केवल अमेरिकी नागरिकों से)।

Our founders did not write that 'We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all US Persons are created equal.'

Our founders did not write that 'We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all US Persons are created equal.'

यह धीरे-धीरे नेशनल सिक्योरिटी एजेंसी (राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा एजेंसी) कम और नेशनल सर्विलांस एजेंसी (राष्ट्रीय जासूसी एजेंसी) ज़्यादा बनती जा रही है। हर गुजरते साल के साथ इसकी आक्रामक ताकतें बढ़ती जा रही हैं।

It's becoming less and less the National Security Agency and more and more the national surveillance agency. It's gaining more offensive powers with each passing year.

It's becoming less and less the National Security Agency and more and more the national surveillance agency. It's gaining more offensive powers with each passing year.

इन सुनवाइयों के साथ एक पूरी पीढ़ी का संघर्ष शुरू हो रहा है, और इसके लिए मेरा पूरा आभार और समर्थन आपके साथ है।

The work of a generation is beginning here, with your hearings, and you have the full measure of my gratitude and support.

The work of a generation is beginning here, with your hearings, and you have the full measure of my gratitude and support.

निगरानी से जुड़े ये खुलासे अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण हैं क्योंकि इनसे पता चला है कि हमारे अधिकारों को गुप्त रूप से और गुप्त अदालतों द्वारा फिर से परिभाषित किया जा रहा है, जिनका कभी यह उद्देश्य ही नहीं था - जनता की सहमति के बिना, और हमारे अधिकांश राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधियों की जानकारी के बिना भी।

The surveillance revelations are critically important because they revealed that our rights are being redefined in secret, by secret courts that were never intended to have that role - without the consent of the public, without even the awareness of the majority of our political representatives.

The surveillance revelations are critically important because they revealed that our rights are being redefined in secret, by secret courts that were never intended to have that role - without the consent of the public, without even the awareness of the majority of our political representatives.

आपको अपना व्यवहार इसलिए नहीं बदलना चाहिए क्योंकि कहीं कोई सरकारी एजेंसी गलत काम कर रही है। अगर आप डर की वजह से अपने मूल्यों से समझौता कर लेते हैं, तो इसका मतलब है कि आप उन मूल्यों की उतनी कद्र नहीं करते।

You shouldn't change your behavior because a government agency somewhere is doing the wrong thing. If you sacrifice your values because you're afraid, you don't care about those values very much.

You shouldn't change your behavior because a government agency somewhere is doing the wrong thing. If you sacrifice your values because you're afraid, you don't care about those values very much.

अनैतिक कार्यों को गुप्त कानूनों के माध्यम से नैतिक नहीं बनाया जा सकता।

The immoral cannot be made moral through the use of secret law.

The immoral cannot be made moral through the use of secret law.

हम दुनिया में किसी भी और देश की तुलना में अपने ही लोगों पर सबसे ज़्यादा पैनी नज़र रखते हैं।

We watch our own people more closely than anyone else in the world.

We watch our own people more closely than anyone else in the world.

हर राजनीतिक समस्या का एक तकनीकी समाधान होता है...

There is a technical solution to every political problem...

There is a technical solution to every political problem...

जब क्लैपर ने कसम खाकर अमेरिकी जनता से झूठ बोला, तो क्या उन पर कोई मुकदमा चला? क्या कोई आरोप लगे? लेकिन मेरे सामने आने के 24 घंटे के भीतर ही मुझ पर तीन आपराधिक मामले दर्ज कर दिए गए।

When Clapper raised his hand and lied to the American public, was anyone tried? Were any charges brought? Within 24 hours of going public, I had three charges against me.

When Clapper raised his hand and lied to the American public, was anyone tried? Were any charges brought? Within 24 hours of going public, I had three charges against me.

मैं खुद को एक 'इनडोर कैट' (घर में रहने वाला) मानता हूँ, क्योंकि मैं एक कंप्यूटर का आदमी हूँ और हमेशा से ऐसा ही रहा हूँ।

I describe myself as an indoor cat, because I'm a computer guy and I always have been.

I describe myself as an indoor cat, because I'm a computer guy and I always have been.

यह साफ़ है कि सीआईए (CIA) उन दस्तावेज़ों को छिपाने की कोशिश कर रही थी जो कांग्रेस की जांच के लिए ज़रूरी थे, और यह एक गंभीर संवैधानिक मुद्दा है। लेकिन इससे भी ज़्यादा चिंताजनक बात यह है कि हम फिर से वही 'मर्केल इफ़ेक्ट' देख रहे हैं—जहां एक निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधि को इस बात से कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता कि जासूसों द्वारा लाखों आम नागरिकों के अधिकारों का हनन हो रहा है, लेकिन जैसे ही किसी राजनेता को पता चलता है कि उसके साथ भी वही हो रहा है, तो यह अचानक एक बड़ा घोटाला बन जाता है।

It's clear the CIA was trying to play 'keep away' with documents relevant to an investigation by their overseers in Congress, and that's a serious constitutional concern. But it's equally if not more concerning that we're seeing another 'Merkel Effect,' where an elected official does not care at all that the rights of millions of ordinary citizens are violated by our spies, but suddenly it's a scandal when a politician finds out the same thing happens to them.

It's clear the CIA was trying to play 'keep away' with documents relevant to an investigation by their overseers in Congress, and that's a serious constitutional concern. But it's equally if not more concerning that we're seeing another 'Merkel Effect,' where an elected official does not care at all that the rights of millions of ordinary citizens are violated by our spies, but suddenly it's a scandal when a politician finds out the same thing happens to them.

हमारे पास क्रांति का अधिकार है। क्रांति का मतलब हमेशा हथियार और युद्ध नहीं होता; यह क्रांतिकारी विचारों के बारे में भी है।

We have the right of revolution. Revolution does not always have to be weapons and warfare; it's also about revolutionary ideas.

We have the right of revolution. Revolution does not always have to be weapons and warfare; it's also about revolutionary ideas.

इसे इस तरह समझिए—अमेरिकी सरकार ने मेरे और पत्रकारों के साथ मेरे काम की जांच के लिए एक बहुत बड़ी टीम लगा दी है, फिर भी उन्हें अंदाज़ा नहीं है कि पत्रकारों को कौन से दस्तावेज़ दिए गए, उनके पास क्या है और क्या नहीं। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि एन्क्रिप्शन (encryption) वाकई काम करता है।

Let's put it this way. The United States government has assembled a massive investigation team into me personally, into my work with the journalists, and they still have no idea what documents were provided to the journalist, what they have, what they don't have, because encryption works.

Let's put it this way. The United States government has assembled a massive investigation team into me personally, into my work with the journalists, and they still have no idea what documents were provided to the journalist, what they have, what they don't have, because encryption works.

जवाब पाने के लिए हमें सवाल पूछने में सक्षम होना चाहिए।

We have to be able to ask questions in order to answer them.

We have to be able to ask questions in order to answer them.

पैट्रियट एक्ट के तहत निजी फोन कॉल्स की व्यापक निगरानी को खत्म करना हर नागरिक के अधिकारों की एक ऐतिहासिक जीत है। लेकिन भले ही हमने इस एक प्रोग्राम में सुधार कर लिया हो, कई अन्य अब भी जारी हैं।

Ending mass surveillance of private phone calls under the Patriot Act is a historic victory for the rights of every citizen. Yet while we have reformed this one program, many others remain.

Ending mass surveillance of private phone calls under the Patriot Act is a historic victory for the rights of every citizen. Yet while we have reformed this one program, many others remain.

आप दुनिया की सबसे शक्तिशाली खुफिया एजेंसियों के खिलाफ खड़े होकर जोखिम से इनकार नहीं कर सकते।

You can't come up against the world's most powerful intelligence agencies and not accept the risk.

You can't come up against the world's most powerful intelligence agencies and not accept the risk.

मैं बस इतना चाहता था कि जनता को यह कहने का हक मिले कि उन पर शासन कैसे किया जाए। लेकिन यह एक ऐसा पड़ाव है जिसे हम बहुत पीछे छोड़ आए हैं।

All I wanted was for the public to be able to have a say in how they are governed. That is a milestone we left a long time ago.

All I wanted was for the public to be able to have a say in how they are governed. That is a milestone we left a long time ago.

अंततः, ओबामा प्रशासन को मुझ जैसे व्हिसलब्लोअर, ब्रैडली मैनिंग या थॉमस ड्रेक से डर नहीं लगता। हम तो राज्यविहीन हैं, जेल में हैं या शक्तिहीन हैं। नहीं, ओबामा प्रशासन आपसे डरता है। वह एक जागरूक, क्रोधित जनता से डरता है जो उस संवैधानिक सरकार की मांग कर रही है जिसका वादा किया गया था - और उसे डरना भी चाहिए।

In the end, the Obama administration is not afraid of whistleblowers like me, Bradley Manning or Thomas Drake. We are stateless, imprisoned or powerless. No, the Obama administration is afraid of you. It is afraid of an informed, angry public demanding the constitutional government it was promised - and it should be.

In the end, the Obama administration is not afraid of whistleblowers like me, Bradley Manning or Thomas Drake. We are stateless, imprisoned or powerless. No, the Obama administration is afraid of you. It is afraid of an informed, angry public demanding the constitutional government it was promised - and it should be.

जिनेवा में मैंने जो कुछ देखा, उसने सरकार के कामकाज और दुनिया पर उसके असर को लेकर मेरा भ्रम तोड़ दिया। मुझे अहसास हुआ कि मैं एक ऐसी व्यवस्था का हिस्सा था जो फायदे से कहीं ज़्यादा नुकसान कर रही थी।

Much of what I saw in Geneva really disillusioned me about how my government functions and what its impact is in the world. I realised that I was part of something that was doing far more harm than good.

Much of what I saw in Geneva really disillusioned me about how my government functions and what its impact is in the world. I realised that I was part of something that was doing far more harm than good.

जबकि अमेरिकी संविधान इन कार्यक्रमों को अवैध मानता है, मेरी सरकार का तर्क है कि गुप्त अदालती फैसले, जिन्हें दुनिया को देखने की अनुमति नहीं है, किसी तरह एक अवैध मामले को वैध बना देते हैं। ये फैसले न्याय की सबसे बुनियादी धारणा को ही भ्रष्ट कर देते हैं - कि न्याय होते हुए दिखना भी चाहिए। अनैतिक कार्यों को गुप्त कानूनों के माध्यम से नैतिक नहीं बनाया जा सकता।

While the US Constitution marks these programs as illegal, my government argues that secret court rulings, which the world is not permitted to see, somehow legitimize an illegal affair. These rulings simply corrupt the most basic notion of justice - that it must be seen to be done. The immoral cannot be made moral through the use of secret law.

While the US Constitution marks these programs as illegal, my government argues that secret court rulings, which the world is not permitted to see, somehow legitimize an illegal affair. These rulings simply corrupt the most basic notion of justice - that it must be seen to be done. The immoral cannot be made moral through the use of secret law.

अमेरिकी खुफिया एजेंसियां सिर्फ देश की सुरक्षा तक सीमित नहीं हैं। उनका काम केवल आतंकवाद या परमाणु प्रसार को रोकना नहीं है, बल्कि वे आर्थिक जासूसी और राजनीतिक निगरानी के लिए भी इस्तेमाल की जाती हैं ताकि दूसरे देशों की गतिविधियों की जानकारी हासिल की जा सके।

The way the United States intelligence community operates is it doesn't limit itself to the protection of the homeland. It doesn't limit itself to countering terrorist threats, countering nuclear proliferation. It's also used for economic espionage, for political spying to gain some knowledge of what other countries are doing.

The way the United States intelligence community operates is it doesn't limit itself to the protection of the homeland. It doesn't limit itself to countering terrorist threats, countering nuclear proliferation. It's also used for economic espionage, for political spying to gain some knowledge of what other countries are doing.

हम वास्तव में सुरक्षा बनाम स्वतंत्रता पर नहीं, बल्कि सुरक्षा बनाम निगरानी पर बहस कर रहे हैं। जब हम इलेक्ट्रॉनिक इंटरसेप्शन की बात करते हैं, तो निगरानी का तरीका यह है कि यह हमारे सभी संचारों पर लागू सुरक्षा की कमजोरियों का फायदा उठाती है। जिस तरह से उन्हें सुरक्षित किया जाता है, यह उसी पर प्रहार करती है।

What we're really debating is not security versus liberty, it's security versus surveillance. When we talk about electronic interception, the way that surveillance works is it preys on the weakness of protections that are being applied to all of our communications. The manner in which they're protected.

What we're really debating is not security versus liberty, it's security versus surveillance. When we talk about electronic interception, the way that surveillance works is it preys on the weakness of protections that are being applied to all of our communications. The manner in which they're protected.

इस बात से कोई इनकार नहीं करेगा कि दूसरे देशों की योजनाओं और इरादों की जानकारी रखना अमेरिका के हित में है। लेकिन हमें यह सोचना होगा कि ऐसी कार्रवाइयों की सीमा कहां तय की जाए, ताकि हम हर वक्त अपने उन सहयोगियों पर ही हमला न करते रहें जिन पर हम भरोसा करते हैं और जिनकी हमें ज़रूरत है।

No one would argue that it's in the United States' interest to have independent knowledge of the plans and intentions of foreign countries. But we need to think about where to draw the line on these kind of operations so we're not always attacking our allies, the people we trust, the people we need to rely on, and to have them in turn rely on us.

No one would argue that it's in the United States' interest to have independent knowledge of the plans and intentions of foreign countries. But we need to think about where to draw the line on these kind of operations so we're not always attacking our allies, the people we trust, the people we need to rely on, and to have them in turn rely on us.

यदि एक भी देश, उदाहरण के लिए आइसलैंड, इस वैश्विक विधायी सौदे से अलग हो जाए और कहे कि नहीं, हम यहाँ सामूहिक निगरानी को लागू नहीं करेंगे, हम ऐसा नहीं करेंगे। तो दुनिया के सभी डेटा सेंटर और सेवा प्रदाता वहीं स्थानांतरित हो जाएंगे। और मुझे लगता है कि यह हमें सत्तावादी भविष्य के बजाय एक अधिक उदार भविष्य देखने का वास्तविक मौका देता है।

If even one country, an Iceland for example, defects from this global legislative bargain and says no, we're not going to enforcement mass surveillance here. We're not going to do that. That's where all of the data centres, all the service providers in the world will relocate to. And I think that gives us a real chance to see a more liberal than authoritarian future.

If even one country, an Iceland for example, defects from this global legislative bargain and says no, we're not going to enforcement mass surveillance here. We're not going to do that. That's where all of the data centres, all the service providers in the world will relocate to. And I think that gives us a real chance to see a more liberal than authoritarian future.

भविष्य में जब कभी किसी पावर प्लांट की बत्ती गुल होगी, तो हमें समझ जाना चाहिए कि यह रक्षा (defense) को नज़रअंदाज़ कर केवल हमले (offense) को प्राथमिकता देने का नतीजा है।

When the lights go out at a power plant sometime in the future, we're going to know that that's a consequence of deprioritizing defense for the sake of an advantage in terms of offense.

When the lights go out at a power plant sometime in the future, we're going to know that that's a consequence of deprioritizing defense for the sake of an advantage in terms of offense.

जैसा कि मैंने पहले कहा, [देशभक्ति] सरकार के लाभ के लिए काम करने से अलग है - एक ऐसा अंतर जो आज तेजी से मिटता जा रहा है।

As I said before, [patriotism] is distinct from acting to benefit the government - a distinction that's increasingly lost today.

As I said before, [patriotism] is distinct from acting to benefit the government - a distinction that's increasingly lost today.

खतरों से निपटने के फैसलों में इंसानी दखल खत्म करके हम मिसाइलें दागने और बम गिराने के दरवाज़े खोल रहे हैं। युद्ध के तरीके जिस तरह से ऑटोमेटेड और रोबोटिक होते जा रहे हैं, जैसे कि ड्रोन युद्ध, यह खतरा और भी बढ़ता जा रहा है।

We're opening the doors to people launching missiles and dropping bombs by taking the human out of the decision chain for deciding how we should respond to these threats. And this is something we're seeing more and more happening in the traditional means as our methods of warfare become increasingly automated and roboticized such as through drone warfare.

We're opening the doors to people launching missiles and dropping bombs by taking the human out of the decision chain for deciding how we should respond to these threats. And this is something we're seeing more and more happening in the traditional means as our methods of warfare become increasingly automated and roboticized such as through drone warfare.

मेरा एकमात्र उद्देश्य जनता को यह बताना है कि उनके नाम पर क्या किया जा रहा है और उनके खिलाफ क्या किया जा रहा है।

My sole motive is to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them.

My sole motive is to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them.

इंटरनेट के ज़रिए होने वाले हमलों से खुद का बचाव करना, दूसरे देशों पर हमला करने की हमारी क्षमता से कहीं ज़्यादा ज़रूरी है।

Defending ourselves from internet-based attacks, internet-originated attacks, is much, much more important than our ability to launch attacks against similar targets in foreign countries.

Defending ourselves from internet-based attacks, internet-originated attacks, is much, much more important than our ability to launch attacks against similar targets in foreign countries.

हम केवल लोगों को डराकर उनके अधिकार नहीं छीन सकते, इस आधार पर कि 'ओह, यह हमें आतंकवाद से बचाता है।'

We can't simply scare people into giving up their rights, on the basis, oh, this protects us from terrorism.

We can't simply scare people into giving up their rights, on the basis, oh, this protects us from terrorism.

अमेरिका के लिए विदेशी दुश्मनों पर सफल हमले करने से कहीं ज़्यादा ज़रूरी यह है कि वह विदेशी हमलों से अपना बचाव करने में सक्षम हो।

It's much more important for U.S. to be able to defend against foreign attacks than it is to be able to launch successful attacks against foreign adversaries.

It's much more important for U.S. to be able to defend against foreign attacks than it is to be able to launch successful attacks against foreign adversaries.

थोक संग्रह (Bulk collection) का मतलब है कि आपके सभी संचार गुप्त रूप से इंटरसेप्ट किए जा रहे हैं। जब वे भारत से गुजरते हैं तो उन्हें चुरा लिया जाता है, और उन्हें इन साइलो में जमा किया जाता है ताकि गुप्त एजेंट अपनी सुविधा के अनुसार उन्हें खंगाल सकें।

Bulk collection means all of your communications are being secretly intercepted. They are being stolen as they cross India, and they're being stored in these silos so that they can be rifled through at the convenience of secret agents, basically.

Bulk collection means all of your communications are being secretly intercepted. They are being stolen as they cross India, and they're being stored in these silos so that they can be rifled through at the convenience of secret agents, basically.

आजकल के खास तौर पर तैयार किए गए डिजिटल और साइबर हथियार अक्सर कई 'ज़ीरो-डे' कमियों का एक जाल होते हैं, जिन्हें किसी खास साइट या लक्ष्य को भेदने के लिए बनाया जाता है। लेकिन हमले की यह बारीकी हमलावर के बजट और उसकी काबिलियत पर निर्भर करती है। अगर कोई देश आर्थिक या तकनीकी रूप से पिछड़ा है, तो उसका हमला भी उतना ही साधारण होगा।

Custom developed digital weapons, cyber weapons nowadays typically chain together a number of zero-day exploits that are targeted against the specific site, the specific target that they want to hit. But it depends, this level of sophistication, on the budget and the quality of the actor who's instigating the attack. If it's a country that's less poor or less sophisticated, it'll be a less sophisticated attack.

Custom developed digital weapons, cyber weapons nowadays typically chain together a number of zero-day exploits that are targeted against the specific site, the specific target that they want to hit. But it depends, this level of sophistication, on the budget and the quality of the actor who's instigating the attack. If it's a country that's less poor or less sophisticated, it'll be a less sophisticated attack.

मैंने दुनिया भर के कई अच्छे वकीलों से बात की है। मेरे प्रत्यर्पण की कोई कानूनी गुंजाइश नहीं है। यही असली कारण है कि अमेरिकी सरकार नाराज थी, तब भी जब मैं शुरू में हांगकांग में था।

I've talked to a lot of pretty good lawyers around the world. I'm non-extraditable. That's the real reason the US government was pissed off, even when I was initially in Hong Kong.

I've talked to a lot of pretty good lawyers around the world. I'm non-extraditable. That's the real reason the US government was pissed off, even when I was initially in Hong Kong.

आप इसे ऐसे समझ सकते हैं जैसे कोई दीवार के ऊपर से झाँक रहा हो, कोई नीचे से सुरंग बना रहा हो, या कोई सीधे मुख्य दरवाज़े से अंदर आ रहा हो। साइबर की दुनिया में ये सभी सुरक्षा की कमियाँ हैं। बात सिर्फ किसी एक खास तरह के छेद को ढूँढने की नहीं है, बल्कि यह पूरे सुरक्षा तंत्र के नज़रिए का सवाल है।

You can show a guy sort of peeking over the wall, you can see a guy tunneling underneath, you can see a guy going through the front door. All of those, in cyber terms, are vulnerabilities, because it's not that you have to look for one hole of a specific type. It's the whole paradigm.

You can show a guy sort of peeking over the wall, you can see a guy tunneling underneath, you can see a guy going through the front door. All of those, in cyber terms, are vulnerabilities, because it's not that you have to look for one hole of a specific type. It's the whole paradigm.

मैंने लोगों को निशाना बनाने के लिए सामूहिक निगरानी का उपयोग किया है, इसलिए मैं जानता हूँ कि यह कैसे काम करती है।

I have used mass surveillance to target people, so I do know how it works.

I have used mass surveillance to target people, so I do know how it works.

इंटरनेट को ताक-झाँक और दखलअंदाजी वाली निगरानी से बचाना बहुत ज़रूरी है। वरना जिस माध्यम पर हमारी अर्थव्यवस्था और सामान्य जीवन टिका है, हम उसे खो देंगे। इसके ऐसे दूरगामी परिणाम होंगे जिनका अंदाज़ा लगाना भी मुश्किल है।

The internet has to be protected from intrusive monitoring or else the medium upon which we all rely for the basis of our economy and our normal life, we'll lose that, and it's going to have broad effects as a consequence that we cannot predict.

The internet has to be protected from intrusive monitoring or else the medium upon which we all rely for the basis of our economy and our normal life, we'll lose that, and it's going to have broad effects as a consequence that we cannot predict.

सरकार द्वारा हमें बताई गई बहुत सी बातें बिल्कुल सच नहीं हैं।

So many of the things we're told by the government simply aren't true.

So many of the things we're told by the government simply aren't true.

जब तक हम अपने कानूनों में सुधार नहीं करते और 9/11 के बाद की उन पुरानी नीतियों की अति को ठीक नहीं करते जो हमें विरासत में मिली हैं, तब तक हम एनएसए (NSA) में सुरक्षा और भरोसे को वापस नहीं ला पाएंगे।

Until we reform our laws and until we fix the excesses of these old policies that we inherited in the post-9/11 era, we're not going to be able to put the security back in the NSA.

Until we reform our laws and until we fix the excesses of these old policies that we inherited in the post-9/11 era, we're not going to be able to put the security back in the NSA.

मेरी सरकार ने जानबूझकर मेरा पासपोर्ट रद्द कर दिया ताकि मैं निर्वासित रहूँ। यदि वे वास्तव में मुझे पकड़ना चाहते, तो वे मुझे लैटिन अमेरिका जाने देते, क्योंकि सीआईए वहां बिना किसी डर के काम कर सकती है। वे ऐसा नहीं चाहते थे; उन्होंने मुझे रूस में ही रखने का फैसला किया।

My government revoked my passport intentionally to leave me exiled. If they really wanted to capture me, they would've allowed me to travel to Latin America, because the CIA can operate with impunity down there. They did not want that; they chose to keep me in Russia.

My government revoked my passport intentionally to leave me exiled. If they really wanted to capture me, they would've allowed me to travel to Latin America, because the CIA can operate with impunity down there. They did not want that; they chose to keep me in Russia.

एक सामान्य नियम के तौर पर, अमेरिका की बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों पर तब तक भरोसा नहीं किया जाना चाहिए जब तक वे खुद को साबित न कर दें। यह दुखद है, क्योंकि अगर वे वाकई चाहें, तो उनके पास दुनिया की सबसे बेहतरीन और भरोसेमंद सेवाएँ देने की काबिलियत है।

As a general rule, US-based multinationals should not be trusted until they prove otherwise. This is sad, because they have the capability to provide the best and most trusted services in the world if they actually desire to do so.

As a general rule, US-based multinationals should not be trusted until they prove otherwise. This is sad, because they have the capability to provide the best and most trusted services in the world if they actually desire to do so.

यदि किसी एनएसए, एफबीआई, सीआईए, डीआईए आदि के विश्लेषक के पास रॉ सिग्नल इंटेलिजेंस डेटाबेस तक पहुंच है, तो वे कुछ भी खोज सकते हैं। फोन नंबर, ईमेल, यूजर आईडी, सेल फोन हैंडसेट आईडी (IMEI), आदि - सब कुछ एक जैसा है।

If an NSA, FBI, CIA, DIA, etc analyst has access to query raw SIGINT databases, they can enter and get results for anything they want. Phone number, email, user id, cell phone handset id (IMEI), and so on - it's all the same.

If an NSA, FBI, CIA, DIA, etc analyst has access to query raw SIGINT databases, they can enter and get results for anything they want. Phone number, email, user id, cell phone handset id (IMEI), and so on - it's all the same.

मैं रूस, चीन या किसी भी अन्य देश के लिए जासूसी नहीं करता।

I'm not a spy for Russia or China or any other country for that matter.

I'm not a spy for Russia or China or any other country for that matter.

राज्य कहता है: "खैर, वैध सविनय अवज्ञा के लिए, आपको इन नियमों का पालन करना होगा।" वे हमें "फ्री-स्पीच ज़ोन" में डाल देते हैं; वे कहते हैं कि आप इसे केवल इस समय और इस तरह से कर सकते हैं, और आप सरकार के कामकाज में बाधा नहीं डाल सकते। वे सविनय अवज्ञा के प्रभाव को सीमित कर देते हैं। हमें याद रखना चाहिए कि प्रभावी होने के लिए सविनय अवज्ञा को वास्तव में 'अवज्ञा' होना ही चाहिए।

The state says: "Well, in order for it to be legitimate civil disobedience, you have to follow these rules." They put us in "free-speech zones"; they say you can only do it at this time, and in this way, and you can't interrupt the functioning of the government. They limit the impact that civil disobedience can achieve. We have to remember that civil disobedience must be disobedience if it's to be effective.

The state says: "Well, in order for it to be legitimate civil disobedience, you have to follow these rules." They put us in "free-speech zones"; they say you can only do it at this time, and in this way, and you can't interrupt the functioning of the government. They limit the impact that civil disobedience can achieve. We have to remember that civil disobedience must be disobedience if it's to be effective.

पिछले दिनों मैं एक वेबसाइट पर गया और वहाँ सबसे ऊपर मेरा आईपी एड्रेस (IP address) दिख रहा था। वह मेरे लिए बहुत ही अजीब और परेशान करने वाला पल था। उस वेबसाइट ने मुझे यह तक बता दिया कि मैं कौन सा ब्राउज़र इस्तेमाल कर रहा हूँ और आज कौन सा दिन है। कंप्यूटर वाकई कुछ भी कर सकते हैं।

I went to a website the other day and right at the top of the page it showed me my ip address. It was the most disturbing moment I have ever experienced. This website even told me what internet browser I was using, and what day it was. Computers can do anything.

I went to a website the other day and right at the top of the page it showed me my ip address. It was the most disturbing moment I have ever experienced. This website even told me what internet browser I was using, and what day it was. Computers can do anything.

मेरा कहना है कि हमें इसके प्रति जागरूक रहने की आवश्यकता है, और हमें यह पहचानने में सक्षम होना चाहिए कि कब ऐसे राजनीतिक घटनाक्रम हो रहे हैं जो जनहित के विपरीत हैं।

I'm saying we need to be aware of it, and we need to be able to distinguish when political developments are occurring that are contrary to the public interest.

I'm saying we need to be aware of it, and we need to be able to distinguish when political developments are occurring that are contrary to the public interest.

मैं बाहर जाकर फुटबॉल वगैरह नहीं खेलता—वह मेरा स्वभाव नहीं है। मैं सोचना चाहता हूँ, कुछ बनाना चाहता हूँ, संवाद करना चाहता हूँ और कुछ नया सृजन करना चाहता हूँ।

I don't go out and play football and stuff - that's not me. I want to think, I want to build, I want to talk, I want to create.

I don't go out and play football and stuff - that's not me. I want to think, I want to build, I want to talk, I want to create.

सभी सरकारें आर्थिक जासूसी, कूटनीतिक हेरफेर और राजनीतिक प्रभाव के मामले में केवल अधिक शक्ति चाहती हैं।

All the governments just want to have more power when it comes to economic espionage, diplomatic manipulation and political influence.

All the governments just want to have more power when it comes to economic espionage, diplomatic manipulation and political influence.

मैंने अपना खुद का स्टूडियो बनाया है। मेरे पास इसे समझाने के लिए कोई पेशेवर भाषा नहीं है क्योंकि मैं कोई वीडियोग्राफर नहीं हूँ—लेकिन मैं एक तकनीशियन ज़रूर हूँ। मैं कैमरा लेता हूँ, उन सभी उपकरणों को जोड़ता हूँ जो कैमरे को कंप्यूटर से जोड़ते हैं, एक लाइव सेशन शुरू करता हूँ, उसकी सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करता हूँ और एक ऐसा बैकग्राउंड लगाता हूँ जिसे न्यूज़ एंकरों की तरह बदला जा सके। इस तरह मैं जहाँ चाहूँ, वहाँ मौजूद हो सकता हूँ।

I built my own studio. I don't have the professional language to describe it because I'm not a videographer - but I'm a technician. So I get the camera, I get all the things that translate the camera to the computer, I set up a live session, I do the security on it, I set up a background so I can key it out, like newscasters do, and replace it with whatever I want - and I can be anywhere I need to be.

I built my own studio. I don't have the professional language to describe it because I'm not a videographer - but I'm a technician. So I get the camera, I get all the things that translate the camera to the computer, I set up a live session, I do the security on it, I set up a background so I can key it out, like newscasters do, and replace it with whatever I want - and I can be anywhere I need to be.

इस वैश्विक भगोड़े बनने की एक अप्रत्याशित रूप से मुक्ति देने वाली बात यह है कि आप कल के बारे में इतनी चिंता नहीं करते। आप आज के बारे में अधिक सोचते हैं। और अप्रत्याशित रूप से, मुझे यह बहुत पसंद है।

One of the kind of unexpectedly liberating things of becoming this global fugitive is the fact that you don't worry so much about tomorrow. You think more about today. And unexpectedly, I like that very much.

One of the kind of unexpectedly liberating things of becoming this global fugitive is the fact that you don't worry so much about tomorrow. You think more about today. And unexpectedly, I like that very much.

कुछ अन्य देशों में इस पर ज़्यादा सक्रियता दिख रही है। जर्मनी में एक गंभीर जाँच बिठाई गई है जिसमें नित नए खुलासे हो रहे हैं। उन्होंने हाल ही में जर्मन संविधान के एक बड़े उल्लंघन का पता लगाया है, जिसे संसद से छिपाकर रखा गया था।

There is more action in some other countries. In Germany, they've called for a very serious inquiry that's discovering more and more. They've just discovered a significant violation of the German Constitution that had been concealed from the Parliament.

There is more action in some other countries. In Germany, they've called for a very serious inquiry that's discovering more and more. They've just discovered a significant violation of the German Constitution that had been concealed from the Parliament.

आपको पता भी नहीं है कि क्या संभव है। उनकी क्षमताओं का विस्तार भयावह है। हम मशीनों में बग लगा सकते हैं। एक बार जब आप नेटवर्क पर जाते हैं, तो मैं आपकी मशीन की पहचान कर सकता हूँ। आप चाहे जो भी सुरक्षा उपाय कर लें, आप कभी सुरक्षित नहीं रहेंगे।

You are not even aware of what is possible. The extent of their capabilities is horrifying. We can plant bugs in machines. Once you go on the network, I can identify your machine. You will never be safe whatever protections you put in place.

You are not even aware of what is possible. The extent of their capabilities is horrifying. We can plant bugs in machines. Once you go on the network, I can identify your machine. You will never be safe whatever protections you put in place.

अमेरिका में निगरानी (surveillance) के मुद्दे पर कानूनी तौर पर कोई बड़ा बदलाव नहीं हुआ है, हालाँकि कुछ कमज़ोर और बेमन से दिए गए प्रस्ताव ज़रूर सामने आए हैं।

In the United States, there hasn't been much legislative change on the surveillance issue, although there are some tepid proposals.

In the United States, there hasn't been much legislative change on the surveillance issue, although there are some tepid proposals.

जब हम संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में हर किसी पर नजर रखने वाली पूर्ण सामूहिक निगरानी को देखते हैं, तो यह काम नहीं करती है। इसने बोस्टन में हमलों को नहीं रोका। मैराथन बमबारी। जहां फिर से, हम जानते थे कि ये व्यक्ति कौन थे। इसने 'अंडरवियर बॉम्बर' को नहीं रोका, जिसके पिता ने विमान में चढ़ने से पहले दूतावास में जाकर हमें इस व्यक्ति के बारे में चेतावनी दी थी। और यह अगले हमलों को भी नहीं रोकेगा। क्योंकि फिर से, ये सार्वजनिक सुरक्षा कार्यक्रम नहीं हैं। ये जासूसी कार्यक्रम हैं। वे जासूसी के लिए मूल्यवान हैं।

When we look at the full-on mass surveillance watching everyone in the country, in the United States, it doesn't work. It didn't stop the attacks in Boston. The marathon bombings. Where again, we knew who these individuals were. It didn't stop the Underwear Bomber, whose father walked into an embassy and warned us about this individual before he walked onto an airplane. And it's not going to stop the next attacks either. Because again, they're not public safety programmes. They're spying programmes. They are valuable for spying.

When we look at the full-on mass surveillance watching everyone in the country, in the United States, it doesn't work. It didn't stop the attacks in Boston. The marathon bombings. Where again, we knew who these individuals were. It didn't stop the Underwear Bomber, whose father walked into an embassy and warned us about this individual before he walked onto an airplane. And it's not going to stop the next attacks either. Because again, they're not public safety programmes. They're spying programmes. They are valuable for spying.

अगर सरकार जनहित के खिलाफ काम कर रही हो और हम फिर भी उसके थोपे हुए नियमों का पालन करते रहें, तो असल में हम कुछ भी बेहतर नहीं कर रहे हैं। हम कोई बदलाव नहीं ला रहे हैं।

If we simply follow the rules that a state imposes upon us when that state is acting contrary to the public interest, we're not actually improving anything. We're not changing anything.

If we simply follow the rules that a state imposes upon us when that state is acting contrary to the public interest, we're not actually improving anything. We're not changing anything.

जनता को यह जानने की जरूरत है कि सरकार उनके नाम पर किस तरह के काम करती है, अन्यथा 'शासितों की सहमति' का कोई मतलब नहीं है... शासितों की सहमति सहमति नहीं है यदि वह सूचित नहीं है।

The public needs to know the kinds of things a government does in its name, or the 'consent of the governed' is meaningless... The consent of the governed is not consent if it is not informed.

The public needs to know the kinds of things a government does in its name, or the 'consent of the governed' is meaningless... The consent of the governed is not consent if it is not informed.

मेरा मानना है कि 'ऑक्युपाई वॉल स्ट्रीट' आंदोलन की सीमाएँ इसलिए थीं क्योंकि अधिकारियों ने हमारे दिमाग में 'सही सविनय अवज्ञा' की एक ऐसी छवि बैठा दी थी, जो पूरी तरह से बेअसर थी।

I believe strongly that Occupy Wall Street had such limits because the local authorities were able to enforce, basically in our imaginations, an image of what proper civil disobedience is - one that is simply ineffective.

I believe strongly that Occupy Wall Street had such limits because the local authorities were able to enforce, basically in our imaginations, an image of what proper civil disobedience is - one that is simply ineffective.

यदि आप स्वतंत्र हैं तो आप कभी भी जोखिम से पूरी तरह मुक्त नहीं होंगे। जोखिम से मुक्त होने का एकमात्र समय तब होता है जब आप जेल में होते हैं।

You will never be completely free from risk if you're free. The only time you can be free from risk is when you're in prison.

You will never be completely free from risk if you're free. The only time you can be free from risk is when you're in prison.

मुझे नहीं लगता कि यह सबसे ज़रूरी बात है। असल मुद्दा यह है कि नेशनल इंटेलिजेंस के डायरेक्टर ने शपथ लेने के बावजूद कांग्रेस के सामने झूठा बयान दिया, जो कि एक गंभीर अपराध है। अगर हम अपने अधिकारियों को सरेआम कानून तोड़ने की छूट देते हैं और उन पर कोई कार्रवाई नहीं होती, तो हम 'जवाबदेही से मुक्ति' की संस्कृति को बढ़ावा दे रहे हैं। मेरे ख्याल से इतिहास में इसे ओबामा प्रशासन की सबसे बड़ी नाकामी माना जाएगा।

I don't think it is the most important thing. I think it is the fact that the director of national intelligence gave a false statement to Congress under oath, which is a felony. If we allow our officials to knowingly break the law publicly and face no consequences, we're instituting a culture of immunity, and this is what I think historically will actually be considered the biggest disappointment of the [Barack] Obama administration.

I don't think it is the most important thing. I think it is the fact that the director of national intelligence gave a false statement to Congress under oath, which is a felony. If we allow our officials to knowingly break the law publicly and face no consequences, we're instituting a culture of immunity, and this is what I think historically will actually be considered the biggest disappointment of the [Barack] Obama administration.

मेरा मानना है कि इतिहास के इस मोड़ पर, हमारी स्वतंत्रता और जीवन शैली के लिए सबसे बड़ा खतरा सर्वज्ञ राज्य शक्तियों के उस तर्कसंगत डर से है, जिसे नीतिगत दस्तावेजों के अलावा और कुछ भी नियंत्रित नहीं करता है।

I believe that at this point in history, the greatest danger to our freedom and way of life comes from the reasonable fear of omniscient State powers kept in check by nothing more than policy documents.

I believe that at this point in history, the greatest danger to our freedom and way of life comes from the reasonable fear of omniscient State powers kept in check by nothing more than policy documents.

मुझे नहीं लगता कि यह सामाजिक या आर्थिक नीतियों से जुड़ा होगा; बल्कि यह इस बात से जुड़ा होगा कि ओबामा ने बुश प्रशासन के दौरान हुए कानूनी उल्लंघनों पर कार्रवाई करने के बजाय 'पीछे देखने के बजाय आगे बढ़ने' की बात कही।

I don't think it's going to be related to social or economic policies; it's going to be the fact that [Barack Obama] said let's go forward, not backward, in regard to the violations of law that occurred under the Bush administration.

I don't think it's going to be related to social or economic policies; it's going to be the fact that [Barack Obama] said let's go forward, not backward, in regard to the violations of law that occurred under the Bush administration.

मुझे परवाह नहीं है कि मैं जेल में खत्म होता हूँ या ग्वांतानामो में या जो भी हो, चेहरे पर दो गोलियां खाकर विमान से बाहर फेंक दिया जाता हूँ। मैंने जो किया वह इसलिए किया क्योंकि मेरा मानना है कि यह सही काम है, और मैं ऐसा करना जारी रखूँगा।

I don't care if I end up in jail or Guantánamo or whatever, kicked out of a plane with two gunshots in the face. I did what I did because I believe it is the right thing to do, and I will continue to do that.

I don't care if I end up in jail or Guantánamo or whatever, kicked out of a plane with two gunshots in the face. I did what I did because I believe it is the right thing to do, and I will continue to do that.

'कानून के शासन' का मतलब यह नहीं है कि पुलिस का राज है, बल्कि इसका मतलब यह है कि हम सभी एक ही कानून के प्रति जवाबदेह हैं।

The rule of law doesn't mean the police are in charge, but that we all answer to the same laws.

The rule of law doesn't mean the police are in charge, but that we all answer to the same laws.

अगर मुझे आपके ईमेल या आपकी पत्नी का फोन देखना हो, तो मुझे बस इंटरसेप्ट्स का इस्तेमाल करना होगा। मैं आपके ईमेल, पासवर्ड, फोन रिकॉर्ड और क्रेडिट कार्ड की जानकारी हासिल कर सकता हूँ।

If I wanted to see your emails or your wife's phone, all I have to do is use intercepts. I can get your emails, passwords, phone records, credit cards.

If I wanted to see your emails or your wife's phone, all I have to do is use intercepts. I can get your emails, passwords, phone records, credit cards.

अगर कांग्रेस बेसबॉल खिलाड़ियों की इस बात के लिए जाँच कर सकती है कि उन्होंने सच बोला या नहीं, तो हम सबसे ताकतवर खुफिया अधिकारी जेम्स क्लैपर को बिना किसी कार्रवाई के कैसे छोड़ सकते हैं? इसी तरह की ढील की वजह से जे. एडगर हूवर ताउम्र एफबीआई (FBI) के सर्वेसर्वा बने रहे।

If Congress is going to investigate baseball players about whether or not they told the truth, how can we justify giving the most powerful intelligence official, [James] Clapper, a pass? This is how J. Edgar Hoover ended up in charge of the FBI forever.

If Congress is going to investigate baseball players about whether or not they told the truth, how can we justify giving the most powerful intelligence official, [James] Clapper, a pass? This is how J. Edgar Hoover ended up in charge of the FBI forever.

किसी व्यक्ति की असल कीमत उसके कहे हुए शब्दों से नहीं, बल्कि उन आदर्शों के लिए किए गए उसके कामों से आंकी जाती है। अगर आप अपने विश्वासों पर अमल नहीं कर रहे, तो शायद वे सच नहीं हैं।

The true measurement of a person's worth isn't what they say they believe in, but what they do in defense of those beliefs. If you're not acting on your beliefs, then they probably aren't real.

The true measurement of a person's worth isn't what they say they believe in, but what they do in defense of those beliefs. If you're not acting on your beliefs, then they probably aren't real.

मुझे लगता है कि लोग अब इससे दूर होने लगेंगे, क्योंकि आज की युवा पीढ़ी—जो इंटरनेट पर ही पली-बढ़ी है—अब इससे ऊब चुकी है। यह एक फैशन ट्रेंड की तरह है, जो पुराना होने पर पिछड़ेपन की निशानी बन जाता है।

I think we're going to see a move away from that, because young people - digital natives who spend their life on the Internet - get saturated. It's like a fashion trend, and becomes a sign of a lack of sophistication.

I think we're going to see a move away from that, because young people - digital natives who spend their life on the Internet - get saturated. It's like a fashion trend, and becomes a sign of a lack of sophistication.

2008 में बहुत से लोगों ने ओबामा को वोट दिया था। मैंने उन्हें वोट नहीं दिया था। मैंने किसी तीसरे पक्ष को वोट दिया था। लेकिन मुझे ओबामा के वादों पर यकीन था।

A lot of people in 2008 voted for Obama. I did not vote for him. I voted for a third party. But I believed in Obama's promises.

A lot of people in 2008 voted for Obama. I did not vote for him. I voted for a third party. But I believed in Obama's promises.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट और न्याय विभाग (DOJ) के बीच कानूनी लड़ाई चल रही है। विभाग का कहना है, "हमें आयरलैंड में आपके डेटा सेंटर से जानकारी चाहिए। भले ही वह अमेरिकी नागरिक न हो, पर हमें वह डेटा चाहिए।" माइक्रोसॉफ्ट ने जवाब दिया, "ठीक है, आप आयरलैंड के जज के पास जाइए और वारंट माँगिए। हमारा आपसी कानूनी सहायता समझौता है, वे वारंट दे देंगे। वह हमें दीजिए और हम आयरिश कानूनों के तहत आपको जानकारी दे देंगे।"

Microsoft is in a court battle with the Department of Justice. The DOJ is saying, "We want information from your data center in Ireland. It's not about a US citizen, but we want it." Microsoft said, "OK, fine. Go to a judge in Ireland. Ask them for a warrant. We have a mutual legal-assistance treaty. They'll do it. Give that to us, and we'll provide the information to you in accordance with Irish laws."

Microsoft is in a court battle with the Department of Justice. The DOJ is saying, "We want information from your data center in Ireland. It's not about a US citizen, but we want it." Microsoft said, "OK, fine. Go to a judge in Ireland. Ask them for a warrant. We have a mutual legal-assistance treaty. They'll do it. Give that to us, and we'll provide the information to you in accordance with Irish laws."

हमें सामूहिक निगरानी को 'सामूहिक निगरानी' ही कहना होगा। हम सरकारों को इसे 'बल्क कलेक्शन' जैसा नाम देकर अपनी जिम्मेदारी से बचने का मौका नहीं दे सकते।

We have to call mass surveillance mass surveillance. We can't let governments around the world redefine, and sort of weasel their way out of it by saying this is bulk collection.

We have to call mass surveillance mass surveillance. We can't let governments around the world redefine, and sort of weasel their way out of it by saying this is bulk collection.

मैं अक्सर सोचता हूँ कि क्या यह विचारधारा रूढ़िवादी है या उदारवादी, क्योंकि जब हम उदारवादी सोच और आज़ादी के संबंध की बात करते हैं, तो असल में हम पारंपरिक रूढ़िवाद की बात कर रहे होते हैं—जो आज के रूढ़िवाद से बिल्कुल अलग है, क्योंकि आज का रूढ़िवाद उन मूल्यों का प्रतिनिधित्व नहीं करता।

I wonder if it's conservative or liberal [ inalienable rights idea], because when we think of liberal thought, when we think about the relation to liberty, we're talking about traditional conservatism - as opposed to today's conservatism, which no longer represents those views.

I wonder if it's conservative or liberal [ inalienable rights idea], because when we think of liberal thought, when we think about the relation to liberty, we're talking about traditional conservatism - as opposed to today's conservatism, which no longer represents those views.

इसमें कोई शक नहीं कि अमेरिका आर्थिक जासूसी में शामिल है। अगर सीमेंस (Siemens) के पास ऐसी कोई जानकारी है जो उन्हें लगता है कि अमेरिका के राष्ट्रीय हितों के लिए फायदेमंद है—न कि राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के लिए—तो वे उस जानकारी को हासिल करने के लिए किसी भी हद तक जाएंगे।

There's no question that the US is engaged in economic spying. If there's information at Siemens that they think would be beneficial to the national interests, not the national security of the United States, they'll go after that information and they'll take it.

There's no question that the US is engaged in economic spying. If there's information at Siemens that they think would be beneficial to the national interests, not the national security of the United States, they'll go after that information and they'll take it.

पहले अदालतें सरकार के फैसलों को चुनौती देने से डरती थीं। लेकिन पिछले एक साल में हमने देखा है कि राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा से जुड़े मामलों में लगभग हर अदालत का नज़रिया अब काफी संदेहास्पद और सख्त हो गया है।

The courts were afraid to challenge executive declarations of what would happen. Now, over the last year, we have seen - in almost every single court that has had this sort of national-security case - that they have become markedly more skeptical.

The courts were afraid to challenge executive declarations of what would happen. Now, over the last year, we have seen - in almost every single court that has had this sort of national-security case - that they have become markedly more skeptical.

हम अपने संचार के उपयोग पर मिलने वाली अनुमतियों का विकेंद्रीकरण कर रहे हैं।

We decentralise permissions over the use of our communications.

We decentralise permissions over the use of our communications.

हमने दुनिया के लगभग हर उस देश में देखा है जहाँ इन मुद्दों पर चर्चा हुई है, कि आम जनता इन कार्यक्रमों के पीछे की विचारधारा से बुरी तरह सहम गई है और इसके खिलाफ है।

We've already seen, in practically every country around the world where these issues have been covered, that the general public has recoiled at the ideology behind these programs.

We've already seen, in practically every country around the world where these issues have been covered, that the general public has recoiled at the ideology behind these programs.

यह अहसास होना कि जिस काम को आप लोगों की भलाई के लिए कर रहे थे, उसी का इस्तेमाल उनके खिलाफ किया जा रहा है, इंसान की सोच को पूरी तरह बदल देता है।

Being confronted with the realization that work you intended to benefit people is being used against them has a radicalizing effect.

Being confronted with the realization that work you intended to benefit people is being used against them has a radicalizing effect.

अमेरिका और इसमें शामिल कुछ अन्य देशों ने मिलकर 'फाइव आइज़' (Five Eyes) नाम का एक वैश्विक जासूसी गठबंधन बनाया है। इन देशों में जनता की प्रतिक्रिया काफी तीखी रही है। हालाँकि, अभी तक किसी भी देश में कोई संतोषजनक या ठोस बदलाव नहीं आया है, लेकिन चर्चा और विरोध की शुरुआत ज़रूर हुई है।

In the United States and some of the other countries involved it's sort of a "five eyes" global spying alliance. That's the US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. They've had a little bit of a more muscular public response. Now, they haven't been satisfying or really meaningful in any country yet. But they have been engaging.

In the United States and some of the other countries involved it's sort of a "five eyes" global spying alliance. That's the US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. They've had a little bit of a more muscular public response. Now, they haven't been satisfying or really meaningful in any country yet. But they have been engaging.

आप सिर्फ इसलिए देशभक्त नहीं हो जाते कि आप सत्ता में बैठे लोगों या उनकी नीतियों का समर्थन करते हैं। आप देशभक्त तब होते हैं जब आप अपने देश, अपने समुदाय और अपने परिवार के लोगों का जीवन बेहतर बनाने के लिए काम करते हैं। कभी-कभी इसके लिए कठिन फैसले लेने पड़ते हैं, ऐसे फैसले जो आपके निजी हितों के खिलाफ हों।

You're not patriotic just because you back whoever's in power today or their policies. You're patriotic when you work to improve the lives of the people of your country, your community and your family. Sometimes that means making hard choices, choices that go against your personal interest.

You're not patriotic just because you back whoever's in power today or their policies. You're patriotic when you work to improve the lives of the people of your country, your community and your family. Sometimes that means making hard choices, choices that go against your personal interest.

हमें कम से कम उन शक्तियों का मोटा-मोटा अंदाज़ा तो होना ही चाहिए जिनका दावा सरकार हमारे नाम पर करती है, और जिनका इस्तेमाल कथित तौर पर हमारे भले के लिए—लेकिन अक्सर हमारे ही खिलाफ—किया जाता है।

We should know at least the broad strokes of the powers that the government's claiming in our name, and using allegedly, on our behalf. And also against us as well.

We should know at least the broad strokes of the powers that the government's claiming in our name, and using allegedly, on our behalf. And also against us as well.

कट्टरपंथी गायब नहीं होने वाले। वे भूमिगत हो जाएंगे। वे और कठोर हो जाएंगे। और वे ऐसे शिक्षित लोगों के विचारों से दूर हो जाएंगे जो उन्हें तर्क देकर सही रास्ते पर ला सकते थे।

Radicals are not going to disappear. They're going to go underground. They're going to be hardened. And they're not going to be exposed to contrary ideas made by educated people who can make real, convincing, and persuasive arguments to deradicalise these people.

Radicals are not going to disappear. They're going to go underground. They're going to be hardened. And they're not going to be exposed to contrary ideas made by educated people who can make real, convincing, and persuasive arguments to deradicalise these people.

मैंने आगे बढ़कर अपनी पूरी ज़िंदगी दांव पर लगा दी, मैं अब अमेरिका में अपने परिवार से नहीं मिल सकता, मेरी अच्छी-भली नौकरी चली गई और मेरा घर भी छिन गया—इसका एक बड़ा कारण यह था कि मुझे लगा कि इसके अलावा और कोई रास्ता नहीं बचा है।

One of the reasons that I came forward and sort burned of my life to the ground, and I can't go back and see my family in the United States - I obviously lost my job, which I was quite comfortable with. I lost my home. It was because I felt there was no alternative.

One of the reasons that I came forward and sort burned of my life to the ground, and I can't go back and see my family in the United States - I obviously lost my job, which I was quite comfortable with. I lost my home. It was because I felt there was no alternative.

अगर मैं गद्दार हूँ, तो मैंने किसके साथ गद्दारी की? मैंने अपनी सारी जानकारी अमेरिकी जनता और उन पत्रकारों को दी जो अमेरिकी मुद्दों पर रिपोर्टिंग कर रहे हैं। अगर वे इसे देशद्रोह मानते हैं, तो लोगों को यह सोचने की जरूरत है कि वे किसके लिए काम कर रहे हैं। जनता को उनका मालिक होना चाहिए, दुश्मन नहीं।

If I am traitor, who did I betray? I gave all my information to the American public, to American journalists who are reporting on American issues. If they see that as treason, I think people really need to consider who they think they're working for. The public is supposed to be their boss, not their enemy.

If I am traitor, who did I betray? I gave all my information to the American public, to American journalists who are reporting on American issues. If they see that as treason, I think people really need to consider who they think they're working for. The public is supposed to be their boss, not their enemy.

आज सभ्यताओं या विचारधाराओं का वह बड़ा टकराव नहीं बचा है, जहाँ सरकारों को यह डर हो कि अगर वे हद से आगे बढ़ीं या लोगों के अधिकारों को कुचला, तो कोई ऐसा राजनीतिक आंदोलन खड़ा हो जाएगा जो उनकी साख खत्म कर देगा और उन्हें सत्ता से बाहर कर देगा।

We don't have a great clash of civilizations, a clash of ideologies, a clash of alternative models, where governments thought to themselves, if we go too far, if we sort of trample unreasonably on rights, we'll give birth to a political movement which will cost us our credibility, and will possibly cost us our offices, because people will vote for the other team, the other guys.

We don't have a great clash of civilizations, a clash of ideologies, a clash of alternative models, where governments thought to themselves, if we go too far, if we sort of trample unreasonably on rights, we'll give birth to a political movement which will cost us our credibility, and will possibly cost us our offices, because people will vote for the other team, the other guys.

हमें इंटरनेट पर सुरक्षा मानकों की जरूरत है। हमें यह भरोसा होना चाहिए कि जब हम वेराइजन (Verizon) के जरिए ईमेल भेजते हैं, तो वे इसे एनएसए (NSA), एफबीआई (FBI), या किसी विदेशी खुफिया एजेंसी के साथ साझा नहीं कर रहे हैं।

We need the security standards to apply to the internet. We need to be able to trust that when we send our emails through Verizon, that Verizon isn't sharing with the NSA, that Verizon isn't sharing them with the FBI or German intelligence or French intelligence or Russian intelligence or Chinese intelligence.

We need the security standards to apply to the internet. We need to be able to trust that when we send our emails through Verizon, that Verizon isn't sharing with the NSA, that Verizon isn't sharing them with the FBI or German intelligence or French intelligence or Russian intelligence or Chinese intelligence.

कोई भी आईएसआईएस (ISIS) को वोट नहीं देने वाला।

Nobody's going to vote for Isis.

Nobody's going to vote for Isis.

आपने अपने अधिकारों की अवधारणा को ही त्याग दिया है। आपने उन्हें सरकार द्वारा दी गई एक ऐसी सुविधा में बदल दिया है जिसे कभी भी वापस लिया जा सकता है, जिसे सरकार अपनी मर्जी से खत्म कर सकती है। और इसने समाज में आजादी के स्तर को कम कर दिया है।

You have ceded the concept of your own rights. You've converted them into something you get as a revocable privilege from the government, something that can be abrogated at its convenience. And that has diminished the measure of liberty within a society.

You have ceded the concept of your own rights. You've converted them into something you get as a revocable privilege from the government, something that can be abrogated at its convenience. And that has diminished the measure of liberty within a society.

अगर आप जनहित के खिलाफ काम करने लगें और कोई वैकल्पिक सरकारी मॉडल न हो, तो हम नागरिकों को आज़ादी और लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों को बहाल करने के लिए खुद ही सरकार से इतर नए तरीके और रास्ते खोजने होंगे।

If you begin acting contrary to the public's interest, and there is no alternative governmental model, with which you're willing to engage, we, the people, will have to put forth our own extra governmental models and methods of trying to restore the balance of liberty to the liberal tradition of Western society.

If you begin acting contrary to the public's interest, and there is no alternative governmental model, with which you're willing to engage, we, the people, will have to put forth our own extra governmental models and methods of trying to restore the balance of liberty to the liberal tradition of Western society.

आपको जानकर हैरानी होगी कि मेरे खिलाफ नकारात्मक प्रचार, कम जानकारी रखने वाले मतदाताओं को प्रभावित करने में कितना असरदार है।

You would be surprised how effective, at least for influencing low-information voters, negative propaganda about me is.

You would be surprised how effective, at least for influencing low-information voters, negative propaganda about me is.

ऐसे कई लोग हैं जिन्होंने पत्रकारिता में 'सूत्रों की गोपनीयता' के सिद्धांत को बचाने के लिए बहुत कुछ दांव पर लगाया है और बड़ी कुर्बानियाँ दी हैं। मुझे लगता है कि जूलियन असांजे, विकीलीक्स और सारा हैरिसन ने इस लड़ाई में वाकई असाधारण साहस दिखाया है।

There have been so many individuals who have really put a lot on the line. That they've sacrificed so much to try to protect the principle of source protection in the journalism world. And I think Julian Assange, and WikiLeaks, and Sarah Harrison have really been extraordinary in standing up for that.

There have been so many individuals who have really put a lot on the line. That they've sacrificed so much to try to protect the principle of source protection in the journalism world. And I think Julian Assange, and WikiLeaks, and Sarah Harrison have really been extraordinary in standing up for that.

और यह कुछ ऐसा नहीं है जिसका मैं समर्थन करूँ, न ही यह कुछ ऐसा है जिसे मैं बनाना चाहता हूँ और न ही मैं ऐसी व्यवस्था में जीना चाहता हूँ।

And that's not something I'm willing to support, it's not something I'm willing to build and it's not something I'm willing to live under.

And that's not something I'm willing to support, it's not something I'm willing to build and it's not something I'm willing to live under.

कभी-कभी समाज को बचाए रखने के लिए सिद्धांतों के प्रति एक 'अतार्किक' जुनून की ज़रूरत होती है। जब भी आप बदलाव, सक्रियता या प्रगतिशील कदमों की बात करते हैं जो समाज में आज़ादी के दायरे को बढ़ाते हैं, तो उनकी शुरुआत अक्सर 'गैर-कानूनी' मानी जाती है। शुरू में ये कदम डगमगाते हुए और काफी उग्र लगते हैं, और खुद को ऐसे जोखिम में डालना वाकई तर्कहीन लग सकता है, लेकिन यही बदलाव की नींव है।

Sometimes that irrational commitment to principle is what society needs to survive. Whenever you talk about radicalism, whenever you talk about activism, whenever you talk about progressive activity, that sort of moves the measure of liberty in human society forward, makes us all enjoy a better standard of liberty, it typically starts out criminal. It typically starts out a little bit shaky, and rather radical. And that's irrational to put yourself up to do that.

Sometimes that irrational commitment to principle is what society needs to survive. Whenever you talk about radicalism, whenever you talk about activism, whenever you talk about progressive activity, that sort of moves the measure of liberty in human society forward, makes us all enjoy a better standard of liberty, it typically starts out criminal. It typically starts out a little bit shaky, and rather radical. And that's irrational to put yourself up to do that.

इराक युद्ध, जिसके लिए मैंने साइन किया था, गलत आधारों पर शुरू किया गया था। अमेरिकी जनता को गुमराह किया गया। अब यह बदनीयती थी या खुफिया जानकारी की गलती, यह मैं पक्के तौर पर नहीं कह सकता। लेकिन इतना जरूर कह सकता हूँ कि यह दिखाता है कि सार्वजनिक बहस के बिना खुफिया तंत्र पर बहुत ज्यादा भरोसा करना कितना खतरनाक है।

The Iraq war that I signed up for was launched on false premises. The American people were misled. Now, whether that was due to bad faith or simply mistakes in intelligence, I can't say for sure. But I can say it shows the problem of putting too much faith in intelligence systems without debating them in public.

The Iraq war that I signed up for was launched on false premises. The American people were misled. Now, whether that was due to bad faith or simply mistakes in intelligence, I can't say for sure. But I can say it shows the problem of putting too much faith in intelligence systems without debating them in public.

उदाहरण के लिए, जब आप गुलामी के अंत के बारे में सोचते हैं, तो शासक वर्ग के लिए, जिनके पास अमीर गोरे बागान और रियासतें हुआ करती थीं, गुलामी उनके अपने फायदे के लिए थी। तर्क के आधार पर इसका विरोध करना बिल्कुल भी समझ से परे था। लेकिन अधिकारों के दृष्टिकोण से, सिद्धांतों के आधार पर, यह एकदम स्पष्ट और पूरी तरह से लाजिमी था।

When you think about the abolition of slavery for example, for the ruling class with the rich white people owning plantations and states, and things like that, slavery was to their benefit. To oppose it didn't make any sense at all on a rational basis. But on a rights basis, on a principle basis, it made obvious, overwhelming sense.

When you think about the abolition of slavery for example, for the ruling class with the rich white people owning plantations and states, and things like that, slavery was to their benefit. To oppose it didn't make any sense at all on a rational basis. But on a rights basis, on a principle basis, it made obvious, overwhelming sense.

एनएसए (NSA) जैसे कार्यक्रम हैं जहाँ वे आरएसए (RSA) को 1 करोड़ डॉलर देते हैं ताकि वे अपने उत्पादों में डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से एक असुरक्षित एन्क्रिप्शन मानक का उपयोग करें। यह हमें न केवल हमारी घरेलू एजेंसियों की जासूसी के लिए, बल्कि विदेशी एजेंसियों के लिए भी अधिक असुरक्षित बना रहा है।

There are programs such as the NSA paying RSA $10 million to use an insecure encryption standard by default in their products. That's making us more vulnerable not just to the snooping of our domestic agencies, but also foreign agencies.

There are programs such as the NSA paying RSA $10 million to use an insecure encryption standard by default in their products. That's making us more vulnerable not just to the snooping of our domestic agencies, but also foreign agencies.

जो लोग मेरी पृष्ठभूमि से वाकिफ नहीं हैं, उनके लिए बता दूं कि मैंने हाई स्कूल की पढ़ाई भी पूरी नहीं की थी। मेरे करियर का सबसे ज़्यादा वेतन लगभग $200,000 था। मेरी आखिरी नौकरी का वेतन करीब $122,000 था। बिना किसी हाई स्कूल की डिग्री वाले इंसान के लिए, यह काफी बेहतरीन है।

For people who aren't familiar with my background, I didn't graduate high school. My career high salary was about $200,000. My last position was about $122,000. For a guy without a high school diploma, that's pretty good.

For people who aren't familiar with my background, I didn't graduate high school. My career high salary was about $200,000. My last position was about $122,000. For a guy without a high school diploma, that's pretty good.

आप दुनिया की सबसे शक्तिशाली खुफिया एजेंसियों के खिलाफ खड़े होकर जोखिम से नहीं बच सकते। अगर वे आपको पकड़ना चाहते हैं, तो समय के साथ वे ऐसा कर ही लेंगे।

You can't come up against the world's most powerful intelligence agencies and not accept the risk. If they want to get you, over time they will.

You can't come up against the world's most powerful intelligence agencies and not accept the risk. If they want to get you, over time they will.

एनएसए (NSA) के लोग आपकी जिंदगी बर्बाद करने की कोशिश नहीं कर रहे हैं। वे आपको किसी तानाशाही और दमनकारी दुनिया में धकेलने की ताक में नहीं हैं। ये आम लोग हैं जो मुश्किल हालातों में भी अपना काम पूरी ईमानदारी से करने की कोशिश कर रहे हैं।

The people at the NSA aren't trying to ruin your life. They're not trying to put you in authoritarian dystopia. These are normal people trying to do good work in hard circumstances.

The people at the NSA aren't trying to ruin your life. They're not trying to put you in authoritarian dystopia. These are normal people trying to do good work in hard circumstances.

हमने यह सीखा है कि हमने अपनी तकनीकी क्षमताओं को नीतियों और प्रथाओं को तय करने की छूट दे दी है, बजाय इसके कि हमारे कानून और मूल्य हमारी तकनीकी क्षमताओं को दिशा दें।

We've learned that we've allowed technological capabilities to dictate policies and practices, rather than ensuring that our laws and values guide our technological capabilities.

We've learned that we've allowed technological capabilities to dictate policies and practices, rather than ensuring that our laws and values guide our technological capabilities.

जब अमेरिकी सरकार को यह खबर मिली कि मैं रूस छोड़कर लैटिन अमेरिका जाने की योजना बना रहा हूँ, तो उन्होंने विमान को—यानी राष्ट्रपति के उस विमान को, जिसे राजनयिक सुरक्षा प्राप्त थी और जिस पर बोलीविया के राष्ट्रपति सवार थे, ज़बरदस्ती उतरवा लिया। मेरा मानना है कि उन्होंने यूरोप के चार अलग-अलग देशों का हवाई क्षेत्र बंद कर दिया था, जो कि बेहद असाधारण और अभूतपूर्व था।

When the US government got word that I was planning to leave Russia to go to Latin America, they brought down the plane of the - the presidential plane, which had diplomatic protection, that had the Bolivian president on board. They closed the airspace in four different countries in Europe, I believe, which was extraordinary, unprecedented.

When the US government got word that I was planning to leave Russia to go to Latin America, they brought down the plane of the - the presidential plane, which had diplomatic protection, that had the Bolivian president on board. They closed the airspace in four different countries in Europe, I believe, which was extraordinary, unprecedented.

हमारे कई सहयोगी देशों—जैसे यूके, न्यूजीलैंड, ऑस्ट्रेलिया—में संवैधानिक सुरक्षा नहीं है। उन्होंने बिना किसी ठोस कारण के तलाशी और जब्ती से मुक्त रहने का अधिकार खो दिया है। इन निगरानी खुलासों के बाद, उन सभी देशों ने जल्दबाजी में ऐसे कानून बनाए जो मूल रूप से एनएसए (NSA) द्वारा लिखे गए थे, ताकि बिना अदालती निगरानी और बिना किसी चेक-एंड-बैलेंस के सामूहिक निगरानी की जा सके।

Many of our ally states don't have these constitutional protections - in the UK, in New Zealand, in Australia. They've lost the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure without probable cause. All of those countries, in the wake of these surveillance revelations, rushed through laws that were basically ghostwritten by the National Security Agency to enable mass surveillance without court oversight, without all of the standard checks and balances that one would expect.

Many of our ally states don't have these constitutional protections - in the UK, in New Zealand, in Australia. They've lost the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure without probable cause. All of those countries, in the wake of these surveillance revelations, rushed through laws that were basically ghostwritten by the National Security Agency to enable mass surveillance without court oversight, without all of the standard checks and balances that one would expect.

मैं तो बस एक ज़रिया था।

All I was was a mechanism.

All I was was a mechanism.

सरकार नहीं चाहती कि हमें पता चले कि वे क्या कर रहे हैं, वे कानून की व्याख्या कैसे कर रहे हैं, वे अपनी शक्तियों को कैसे फिर से परिभाषित कर रहे हैं, और हमारी जानकारी के बिना हमारे अधिकारों और स्वतंत्रताओं के दायरे को कैसे सिकोड़ रहे हैं।

The government doesn't want us to know what they're doing, how they're interpreting the law, how they're interpreting and redefining their powers, and increasingly, how they're redefining the boundaries of our rights and our liberties, broadly, socially, and categorically without our involvement.

The government doesn't want us to know what they're doing, how they're interpreting the law, how they're interpreting and redefining their powers, and increasingly, how they're redefining the boundaries of our rights and our liberties, broadly, socially, and categorically without our involvement.

मैं अंततः इस बात से संतुष्ट हूँ कि हम थोड़ा और जान पाए हैं कि दुनिया वास्तव में कैसे काम करती है।

I'm ultimately satisfied that we know a little bit more about how the world really works.

I'm ultimately satisfied that we know a little bit more about how the world really works.

मैंने इस विश्वास पर काम किया कि एनएसए (NSA) के सामूहिक निगरानी कार्यक्रम संवैधानिक चुनौती का सामना नहीं कर पाएंगे, और अमेरिकी जनता को यह हक है कि इन मुद्दों का फैसला खुली अदालतों में हो। आज, एक गुप्त अदालत द्वारा अधिकृत एक गुप्त कार्यक्रम, जब सबके सामने आया, तो उसे अमेरिकियों के अधिकारों का उल्लंघन करने वाला पाया गया। यह ऐसी कई जीत में से पहली है।

I acted on my belief that the NSA's mass surveillance programs would not withstand a constitutional challenge, and that the American public deserved a chance to see these issues determined by open courts. Today, a secret program authorized by a secret court was, when exposed to the light of day, found to violate Americans' rights. It is the first of many.

I acted on my belief that the NSA's mass surveillance programs would not withstand a constitutional challenge, and that the American public deserved a chance to see these issues determined by open courts. Today, a secret program authorized by a secret court was, when exposed to the light of day, found to violate Americans' rights. It is the first of many.

हर जगह हर कोई अब समझ गया है कि हालात कितने खराब हो गए हैं—और वे इस पर बात कर रहे हैं। उनके पास यह तय करने की शक्ति है कि क्या वे निगरानी तंत्र के लिए अपनी निजता का बलिदान देने को तैयार हैं।

Everyone everywhere now understands how bad things have gotten — and they’re talking about it. They have the power to decide for themselves whether they are willing to sacrifice their privacy to the surveillance state.

Everyone everywhere now understands how bad things have gotten — and they’re talking about it. They have the power to decide for themselves whether they are willing to sacrifice their privacy to the surveillance state.

अगर सरकार या पार्टियां हमारी जरूरतों को पूरा नहीं करेंगी, तो हम खुद करेंगे। यह सीधे कदम उठाने के बारे में है, यहाँ तक कि सविनय अवज्ञा के बारे में भी।

If the government or the parties won't address our needs, we will. It's about direct action, even civil disobedience.

If the government or the parties won't address our needs, we will. It's about direct action, even civil disobedience.

अगर मैं एफएए (FAA) 702 के तहत किसी ईमेल पते को निशाना बनाता हूँ, और वह पता आपको कुछ भेजता है, तो विश्लेषक को सब कुछ मिल जाता है। सब कुछ—आईपी (IP), कच्चा डेटा, सामग्री, हेडर, अटैचमेंट, सब कुछ। और इसे बहुत लंबे समय तक सहेजा जाता है—और वारंट के बजाय केवल अनुमति लेकर इसे और भी बढ़ाया जा सकता है।

If I target for example an email address, for example under FAA 702, and that email address sent something to you, Joe America, the analyst gets it. All of it. IPs, raw data, content, headers, attachments, everything. And it gets saved for a very long time - and can be extended further with waivers rather than warrants.

If I target for example an email address, for example under FAA 702, and that email address sent something to you, Joe America, the analyst gets it. All of it. IPs, raw data, content, headers, attachments, everything. And it gets saved for a very long time - and can be extended further with waivers rather than warrants.

जब लौरा पोइट्रास ने मुझसे पूछा कि क्या वह हमारी मुलाकातों को फिल्मा सकती हैं, तो मैं बहुत हिचकिचा रहा था। मैं आभारी हूँ कि मैंने उन्हें मुझे मनाने दिया। इसका नतीजा एक साहसी और शानदार फिल्म है जो उस सम्मान और पहचान की हकदार है जो उसे मिली है। मेरी उम्मीद है कि यह पुरस्कार और अधिक लोगों को फिल्म देखने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करेगा और उन्हें इस संदेश से प्रेरित करेगा कि आम नागरिक, साथ मिलकर, दुनिया बदल सकते हैं।

When Laura Poitras asked me if she could film our encounters, I was extremely reluctant. I’m grateful that I allowed her to persuade me. The result is a brave and brilliant film that deserves the honor and recognition it has received. My hope is that this award will encourage more people to see the film and be inspired by its message that ordinary citizens, working together, can change the world.

When Laura Poitras asked me if she could film our encounters, I was extremely reluctant. I’m grateful that I allowed her to persuade me. The result is a brave and brilliant film that deserves the honor and recognition it has received. My hope is that this award will encourage more people to see the film and be inspired by its message that ordinary citizens, working together, can change the world.

कुछ लोग ऐसे भी हैं जो अभी भी ईमानदारी से मानते हैं कि मैंने पुतिन को जानकारी बेची—व्यक्तिगत रूप से, शरण के बदले में। और यह तब है जब सीनेट इंटेलिजेंस कमेटी के अध्यक्ष, जो हर सुबह मेरी गतिविधियों पर एनएसए (NSA) की रिपोर्ट पढ़ते हैं, ने कहा है कि ये सभी साजिशें भ्रम मात्र हैं।

There are even a few [people] who still honestly believe I sold information to [Vladimir] Putin - like personally, in exchange for asylum. And this is after the Senate Intelligence Committee chair, who gets to read the NSA's reporting on my activities every morning, said all of these conspiracies are delusional.

There are even a few [people] who still honestly believe I sold information to [Vladimir] Putin - like personally, in exchange for asylum. And this is after the Senate Intelligence Committee chair, who gets to read the NSA's reporting on my activities every morning, said all of these conspiracies are delusional.

मैं यह छिपाने का कोई इरादा नहीं रखता कि मैं कौन हूँ, क्योंकि मैं जानता हूँ कि मैंने कुछ भी गलत नहीं किया है।

I have no intention of hiding who I am because I know I have done nothing wrong.

I have no intention of hiding who I am because I know I have done nothing wrong.

शुरुआत में मैं बहुत उत्साहित था। दुर्भाग्य से, मुख्यधारा की मीडिया अब इस बात में ज्यादा दिलचस्पी रखती है कि मैंने 17 साल की उम्र में क्या कहा था या मेरी गर्लफ्रेंड कैसी दिखती है, बजाय इसके कि वे मानव इतिहास के सबसे बड़े निगरानी कार्यक्रम पर बात करें।

Initially I was very encouraged. Unfortunately, the mainstream media now seems far more interested in what I said when I was 17 or what my girlfriend looks like rather than, say, the largest program of suspicionless surveillance in human history.

Initially I was very encouraged. Unfortunately, the mainstream media now seems far more interested in what I said when I was 17 or what my girlfriend looks like rather than, say, the largest program of suspicionless surveillance in human history.

हमारी मीडिया सरकार के साथ मिलकर ऐसे वाक्यांशों को दोहराती है जिनका मकसद भावनाओं को भड़काना है—उदाहरण के लिए, "राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा"। हर कोई "राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा" का नाम लेता है, यहाँ तक कि अब हमें भी इस शब्द का इस्तेमाल करना पड़ता है। लेकिन वे राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के बारे में चिंतित नहीं हैं; वे 'राज्य की सुरक्षा' (state security) के बारे में चिंतित हैं। और यह एक बहुत बड़ा अंतर है।

We have a media that goes along with the government by parroting phrases intended to provoke a certain emotional response - for example, "national security." Everyone says "national security" to the point that we now must use the term "national security." But it is not national security that they're concerned with; it is state security. And that's a key distinction.

We have a media that goes along with the government by parroting phrases intended to provoke a certain emotional response - for example, "national security." Everyone says "national security" to the point that we now must use the term "national security." But it is not national security that they're concerned with; it is state security. And that's a key distinction.

जहाँ तक मेरी व्यक्तिगत संतुष्टि का सवाल है, मेरा मिशन पहले ही पूरा हो चुका है। मैं पहले ही जीत चुका हूँ। जैसे ही पत्रकारों ने काम करना शुरू किया, मैंने जो कुछ भी करने की कोशिश की थी, उसे मान्यता मिल गई। क्योंकि याद रखिए, मैं समाज को बदलना नहीं चाहता था। मैं समाज को बस यह तय करने का मौका देना चाहता था कि क्या उसे खुद को बदलने की जरूरत है।

For me, in terms of personal satisfaction, the mission's already accomplished. I already won. As soon as the journalists were able to work, everything that I had been trying to do was validated. Because, remember, I didn't want to change society. I wanted to give society a chance to determine if it should change itself.

For me, in terms of personal satisfaction, the mission's already accomplished. I already won. As soon as the journalists were able to work, everything that I had been trying to do was validated. Because, remember, I didn't want to change society. I wanted to give society a chance to determine if it should change itself.

निगरानी में रहने पर हम कम स्वतंत्र महसूस करते हैं, जिसका सीधा अर्थ है कि हम वास्तव में कम स्वतंत्र हो जाते हैं।

Under observation, we act less free, which means we effectively are less free.

Under observation, we act less free, which means we effectively are less free.

उदारवादी समाजों में हम आमतौर पर नागरिकों से यह अपेक्षा नहीं करते कि वे पुलिस का काम आसान बनाने के लिए अपनी गतिविधियों, अपने जीवन और अपने कामकाज के तरीकों को बदलें।

In liberal societies we don't typically require citizens to rearrange their activities, their lives, the way they go about their business, to make it easy for the police to do their work.

In liberal societies we don't typically require citizens to rearrange their activities, their lives, the way they go about their business, to make it easy for the police to do their work.

जब किसी देश में कोई भयानक आतंकवादी हमला होता है, तो बाद में सामने आने वाले रिकॉर्ड्स से पता चलता है कि खुफिया एजेंसियों को इन लोगों के बारे में पहले से जानकारी थी। हम जानते हैं कि ये देश खुफिया जानकारी साझा करने में शामिल थे और सामूहिक निगरानी का लाभ उठा रहे थे, फिर भी उन्होंने हमलों को नहीं रोका। इसके बावजूद, हम तुरंत देखते हैं कि खुफिया अधिकारी अखबारों में जाकर दावा करते हैं कि हमें और अधिक निगरानी, और अधिक घुसपैठ और अधिक शक्तियों की आवश्यकता है, क्योंकि इससे हमला रोका जा सकता था।

When we have some horrible terrorist attacks happen in some country we see in the recording that follows, that the intelligence community already knew about these people in advance. We know that these countries were involved in intelligence sharing premiums, that they benefited from mass surveillance, and yet they didn't stop the attacks. Yet at the same time we immediately see intelligence officials running to the newspapers and claiming that we need more surveillance, that we need more intrusion, that we need more expense of powers because it could have stopped an attack.

When we have some horrible terrorist attacks happen in some country we see in the recording that follows, that the intelligence community already knew about these people in advance. We know that these countries were involved in intelligence sharing premiums, that they benefited from mass surveillance, and yet they didn't stop the attacks. Yet at the same time we immediately see intelligence officials running to the newspapers and claiming that we need more surveillance, that we need more intrusion, that we need more expense of powers because it could have stopped an attack.

मुझे लगता है कि सरकार में मुख्य रूप से इसी चीज की कमी है। हमारे पास नीति बनाने वाले बहुत से लोग हैं, लेकिन तकनीक के जानकार नहीं हैं, जबकि तकनीक हमारे जीवन का एक बहुत बड़ा हिस्सा है। यह वाकई हैरान करने वाली बात है, क्योंकि सिलिकॉन वैली की ये बड़ी कंपनियां, जो खुद को दुनिया का मालिक समझती हैं, उन्होंने भी हाल तक वाशिंगटन के साथ कोई तालमेल नहीं बिठाया था। वे अभी भी पीछे चल रही हैं।

I think that's actually what's missing from government, for the most part. We've got a lot of policy people, but we have no technologists, even though technology is such a big part of our lives. It's just amazing, because even these big Silicon Valley companies, the masters of the universe or whatever, haven't engaged with Washington until recently. They're still playing catch-up.

I think that's actually what's missing from government, for the most part. We've got a lot of policy people, but we have no technologists, even though technology is such a big part of our lives. It's just amazing, because even these big Silicon Valley companies, the masters of the universe or whatever, haven't engaged with Washington until recently. They're still playing catch-up.

दुनिया में साइबर खतरे मौजूद हैं, यह एक खतरनाक दुनिया है, और हमें सुरक्षित रहना ही होगा, चाहे इसकी कोई भी कीमत चुकानी पड़े।

There are cyber threats out there, this is a dangerous world, and we have to be safe, we have to be secure no matter the cost.

There are cyber threats out there, this is a dangerous world, and we have to be safe, we have to be secure no matter the cost.

जब लोग साइबर हथियारों या डिजिटल हथियारों की बात करते हैं, तो उनका मतलब वास्तव में एक ऐसे हानिकारक प्रोग्राम से होता है जिसे सैन्य उद्देश्यों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। एक साइबर हथियार 1995 का कोई पुराना वायरस भी हो सकता है, जो अगर उस उद्देश्य के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाए, तो आज भी प्रभावी हो सकता है।

When people are talking about cyber weapons, digital weapons, what they really mean is a malicious program that's used for a military purpose. A cyber weapon could be something as simple as an old virus from 1995 that just happens to still be effective if you use it for that purpose.

When people are talking about cyber weapons, digital weapons, what they really mean is a malicious program that's used for a military purpose. A cyber weapon could be something as simple as an old virus from 1995 that just happens to still be effective if you use it for that purpose.