लिहाजा, मूल रचना की तारीख और आज हमारे पास मौजूद सबसे पुराने सबूत के बीच का अंतर इतना कम हो जाता है कि नगण्य कहा जा सकता है, और इस बात को लेकर बचा हुआ आखिरी शक भी अब दूर हो गया है कि धर्मग्रंथ मूल रूप से जैसे लिखे गए थे, वैसे ही आज तक हम तक पहुँचे हैं। नए नियम (न्यू टेस्टामेंट) की प्रामाणिकता और उसकी मूल अखंडता दोनों को अब पूरी तरह स्थापित माना जा सकता है।
The interval, then, between the dates of original composition and the earliest extant evidence becomes so small as to be in fact, negligible, and the last foundation for any doubt that the Scriptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has now been removed. Both the authenticity and the general integrity of the books of the New Testament may be regarded as finally established.
The interval, then, between the dates of original composition and the earliest extant evidence becomes so small as to be in fact, negligible, and the last foundation for any doubt that the Scriptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has now been removed. Both the authenticity and the general integrity of the books of the New Testament may be regarded as finally established.
बाइबल का एक मानवीय इतिहास भी है और इसके पीछे एक दैवीय प्रेरणा भी। यह बहुत ही दिलचस्प इतिहास है और जो लोग अपनी बाइबल का सम्मान करते हैं, उन्हें कम से कम इसकी रूपरेखा तो पता होनी ही चाहिए, ताकि वे नास्तिकों और अज्ञानियों की आलोचनाओं का जवाब दे सकें।
The Bible has a human history as well as a divine inspiration. It is a history full of interest, and it is one which all those who value their Bible should know, at least in outline, if only that they may be able to meet the criticisms of sceptics and the ignorant.
The Bible has a human history as well as a divine inspiration. It is a history full of interest, and it is one which all those who value their Bible should know, at least in outline, if only that they may be able to meet the criticisms of sceptics and the ignorant.
इस बात को लेकर अब कोई शक नहीं बचा है कि धर्मग्रंथ मूल रूप से जैसे लिखे गए थे, बिल्कुल वैसे ही हम तक पहुँचे हैं।
The last foundation for any doubt that the Scriptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has now been removed.
The last foundation for any doubt that the Scriptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has now been removed.
एक विद्वान संपादक का उद्देश्य पाठक के लिए पाठ को आसान बनाना नहीं होता, बल्कि लेखक के मूल पाठ के जितना करीब हो सके, उतना पहुँचना होता है।
The aim of the scholarly editor is not to produce the the easiest text for the reader, but to get as near as he can to the text of the author.
The aim of the scholarly editor is not to produce the the easiest text for the reader, but to get as near as he can to the text of the author.
बाइबल के पाठ का इतिहास साहित्य का एक रोमांचक किस्सा है, एक ऐसा रोमांच जिसके परिणाम बेहद महत्वपूर्ण हैं; और हाल के सालों में हुई लगातार खोजों की बदौलत, हम दुनिया की किसी भी अन्य प्राचीन पुस्तक की तुलना में इसके बारे में ज़्यादा जानते हैं।
The history of the Bible text is a romance of literature, though it is a romance of which the consequences are of vital import; and thanks to the succession of discoveries which have been made of late years, we know more about it than of the history of any other ancient book in the world.
The history of the Bible text is a romance of literature, though it is a romance of which the consequences are of vital import; and thanks to the succession of discoveries which have been made of late years, we know more about it than of the history of any other ancient book in the world.
यह इस बात का एक शानदार सबूत है कि हमारी परंपरा कितनी मज़बूत और प्रामाणिक है कि दुनिया के अलग-अलग हिस्सों से और अलग-अलग परिस्थितियों से आए हज़ारों नुस्खों (प्रतियों) में पाठ के फेरबदल महज़ ब्योरे या छोटी-मोटी बातों तक सीमित हैं, इसके मूल सार में कोई अंतर नहीं आया है।
It is indeed a striking proof of the essential soundness of the tradition that with which all these thousands of copies, tracing their ancestry back to so many different parts of the earth and to conditions of such diverse kinds, the variations of text are so entirely questions of detail, not of essential substance.
It is indeed a striking proof of the essential soundness of the tradition that with which all these thousands of copies, tracing their ancestry back to so many different parts of the earth and to conditions of such diverse kinds, the variations of text are so entirely questions of detail, not of essential substance.
सुसमाचारों (गॉस्पल्स) को साहित्यिक रचनाओं के रूप में नहीं देखा गया था। लोगों को मैथ्यू या मार्क की साहित्यिक प्रतिष्ठा की चिंता नहीं थी, बल्कि उन्हें तो हमारे प्रभु के जीवन से जुड़े उनके वृत्तांत के सार से मतलब था। उन्हें उनके असल शब्दों को वैसे ही सहेजने की ज़रूरत महसूस नहीं हुई, जैसे वे थूसीडाइड्स या प्लेटो की रचनाओं की नकल करते वक्त करते।
The Gospels were not thought of as works of literature. People were not concerned with the literary reputation of Matthew or Mark, but with the substance of their records of our Lord's life. They did not have to respect their actual words, as they would if they were transcribing the works of Thucydides or Plato.
The Gospels were not thought of as works of literature. People were not concerned with the literary reputation of Matthew or Mark, but with the substance of their records of our Lord's life. They did not have to respect their actual words, as they would if they were transcribing the works of Thucydides or Plato.
प्रेरित (अपॉस्टल्स) बिखर चुके थे, और यहाँ तक कि यरुशलम में चर्च के नेताओं के पास भी एकरूपता लागू करने की न तो शक्ति थी और न ही साधन। ऐसे में, हमें यही कल्पना करनी होगी कि ईसाई साहित्य धीरे-धीरे, अनियमित रूप से और ऐसे तरीकों से फैला जिससे उसमें बदलाव आना लाजिमी था।
The apostles were scattered, and even the leaders of the Church in Jerusalem had neither the power nor the means to impose uniformity.In these circumstances, we must imagine the literature of Christianity as spreading gradually, irregularly, and in a manner which variations inevitable.
The apostles were scattered, and even the leaders of the Church in Jerusalem had neither the power nor the means to impose uniformity.In these circumstances, we must imagine the literature of Christianity as spreading gradually, irregularly, and in a manner which variations inevitable.
मिस्र की कब्रों, खंडहरों और कचरे के ढेरों से ही हमें बड़ी संख्या में पुरानी लिखावटें और ग्रंथ वापस मिले हैं।
It is from the graves and ruins and rubbish-heaps of Egypt that writings have been restored to us in great numbers.
It is from the graves and ruins and rubbish-heaps of Egypt that writings have been restored to us in great numbers.
नया नियम (न्यू टेस्टामेंट) किसी एक प्राधिकारी चर्च द्वारा अपने सदस्यों को निर्देश देने के लिए जारी किया गया एकल दस्तावेज़ नहीं था। चारों सुसमाचार शायद एक तिहाई शताब्दी के दौरान अलग-अलग समय और स्थानों पर रचे गए थे, और कुछ समय के लिए हमारे प्रभु के जीवन से जुड़े अन्य वृत्तांतों के बीच अलग-अलग ही घूमते रहे (जिनमें से किसी अज्ञात गॉस्पेल का हाल ही में खोजा गया अंश भी एक हो सकता है)।
The New Testament was not produced as a single work issued by an authoritative Church for the instruction of its members. The four Gospels were composed in different times and places over perhaps a third of a century, and for a time circulated separately among a number of other narratives of our Lord's life (of which the newly discovered fragment of an unknown gospel may have been one).
The New Testament was not produced as a single work issued by an authoritative Church for the instruction of its members. The four Gospels were composed in different times and places over perhaps a third of a century, and for a time circulated separately among a number of other narratives of our Lord's life (of which the newly discovered fragment of an unknown gospel may have been one).
दो यूनिवर्सिटी प्रेस द्वारा 17 मई 1881 को संशोधित न्यू टेस्टामेंट का प्रकाशन, प्रकाशन के इतिहास की सबसे सनसनीखेज घटनाओं में से एक था।
The publication of the Revised New Testament by the two University Presses on May 17, 1881, was the most sensational in the annals of publishing.
The publication of the Revised New Testament by the two University Presses on May 17, 1881, was the most sensational in the annals of publishing.
शुरुआत से लेकर अंत तक, टिंडेल का काम इसकी नींव बना, और उन्होंने किसी भी अन्य व्यक्ति से ज़्यादा उन लय और भाषा को गढ़ा और हमें सौंपा, जिनसे हम 'ऑथराइज्ड वर्ज़न' (बाइबल) में अच्छी तरह वाकिफ हैं।
Throughout, the work of Tyndale formed the foundation, and more than anyone else he established the rhythms and furnished much of the language which is familiar to us in the Authorised Version.
Throughout, the work of Tyndale formed the foundation, and more than anyone else he established the rhythms and furnished much of the language which is familiar to us in the Authorised Version.
शायद ही कभी ऐसा हुआ हो कि दो ऐसी युग-प्रवर्तक घटनाएँ लगातार सालों में घटी हों जैसी तब घटी थीं। 1453 में तुर्कों ने कुस्तुंतुनिया (कॉन्स्टेंटिनोपल) पर हमला करके ग्रीक साम्राज्य का अंत कर दिया, और वहाँ से ग्रीक विद्वानों को खदेड़ दिया, जो ग्रीक भाषा और साहित्य के ज्ञान को पश्चिमी दुनिया में ले आए; और 1454 में मेंज के प्रिंटिंग प्रेस से हमारे सामने आने वाला पहला दस्तावेज़ छप कर बाहर आया।
Seldom can two such epoch-making events have occurred in successive years as happened then. In 1453 the Turks stormed Constantinople and finally destroyed the Greek Empire, driving out Greek scholars, who carried the knowledge of Greek language and literature to the western world; and in 1454 the first document known to us appeared from the printing press at Mainz.
Seldom can two such epoch-making events have occurred in successive years as happened then. In 1453 the Turks stormed Constantinople and finally destroyed the Greek Empire, driving out Greek scholars, who carried the knowledge of Greek language and literature to the western world; and in 1454 the first document known to us appeared from the printing press at Mainz.
हम बस इतना कह सकते हैं कि चौथी शताब्दी से लेकर लगभग आठवीं शताब्दी तक चली एक लंबी प्रक्रिया के परिणामस्वरूप, पाठ (टेक्स्ट) का एक मानक रूप तैयार हुआ, जो आज हमारे पास मौजूद अधिकांश पांडुलिपियों (मैन्यूस्क्रिप्ट्स) में मिलता है। ग्रीक न्यू टेस्टामेंट की आज जितनी भी पांडुलिपियाँ मौजूद हैं, उनमें से कम से कम छियानवे प्रतिशत आठवीं शताब्दी के बाद की हैं; और उनमें से भी केवल कुछ ही ऐसी हैं जो पाठ के उन अन्य रूपों के निशान सुरक्षित रखती हैं जो मानक पाठ को अपनाने से पहले अस्तित्व में थे और जिनसे मिलकर यह मानक रूप तैयार हुआ था।
All we can say is that, as the result of a process which went on from the fourth century to about the eighth, a standard type of text was produced, which is found in the vast majority of the manuscripts that have come down to us. At least ninety-six per cent of the extant manuscripts of the Greek New Testament are later than the eighth century; and of those only a handful preserve traces of the other types of text which were in existence before the adoption of the standard text, and out of which it was created.
All we can say is that, as the result of a process which went on from the fourth century to about the eighth, a standard type of text was produced, which is found in the vast majority of the manuscripts that have come down to us. At least ninety-six per cent of the extant manuscripts of the Greek New Testament are later than the eighth century; and of those only a handful preserve traces of the other types of text which were in existence before the adoption of the standard text, and out of which it was created.
अंग्रेजी में बाइबल के किसी भी गंभीर छात्र के लिए संशोधित संस्करण (रिवाइज्ड वर्ज़न) को नज़रअंदाज़ करना अपने ज्ञान का नुकसान करना ही होगा।
No serious student of the Bible in English can neglect the Revised Version without loss.
No serious student of the Bible in English can neglect the Revised Version without loss.