यहाँ इस बात का प्रमाण मिलता है कि परमाणु के भीतर एक बुनियादी मात्रा मौजूद होती है, जो एक तत्व से दूसरे तत्व की ओर बढ़ने पर नियमित चरणों में बढ़ती जाती है। यह मात्रा केवल केंद्रीय धनात्मक नाभिक (positive nucleus) का आवेश (charge) हो सकती है, जिसके अस्तित्व का अकाट्य प्रमाण हमारे पास पहले से ही मौजूद है।
We have here a proof that there is in the atom a fundamental quantity, which increases by regular steps as one passes from one element to the next. This quantity can only be the charge on the central positive nucleus, of the existence of which we already have definite proof.
We have here a proof that there is in the atom a fundamental quantity, which increases by regular steps as one passes from one element to the next. This quantity can only be the charge on the central positive nucleus, of the existence of which we already have definite proof.
पिछले चार दिनों में मैंने टैंटलम, क्रोमियम, मैंगनीज, आयरन, निकेल, कोबाल्ट और कॉपर द्वारा प्राप्त स्पेक्ट्रम और सिल्वर स्पेक्ट्रम का एक हिस्सा प्राप्त कर लिया है। इसका मुख्य परिणाम यह है कि सभी तत्व एक ही प्रकार का स्पेक्ट्रम देते हैं, और किसी भी धातु के परिणाम का अंदाज़ा दूसरों के परिणामों से लगाना काफी आसान है। इससे यह साबित होता है कि सभी परमाणुओं की आंतरिक संरचना एक-दूसरे से काफी हद तक मिलती-जुलती है, और इन परिणामों से यह पता लगाना संभव होगा कि परमाणुओं का भीतरी हिस्सा किन चीज़ों से मिलकर बना है।
In the last four days I have got the spectrum given by Tantalum, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, and Copper and part of the Silver spectrum. The chief result is that all the elements give the same kind of spectrum, the result for any metal being quite easy to guess from the results for the others. This shows that the insides of all the atoms are very much alike, and from these results it will be possible to find out something of what the insides are made up of.
In the last four days I have got the spectrum given by Tantalum, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, and Copper and part of the Silver spectrum. The chief result is that all the elements give the same kind of spectrum, the result for any metal being quite easy to guess from the results for the others. This shows that the insides of all the atoms are very much alike, and from these results it will be possible to find out something of what the insides are made up of.
अब हमारे पास इस बात का पुख्ता सबूत मिल गया है कि कोई एक्स-रे (X-ray), जो ईथर में तरंग के रूप में किसी स्रोत से गोलाकार रूप में फैलती है, जब किसी परमाणु से टकराती है, तो वह चारों तरफ से अपनी सारी ऊर्जा को समेटकर उस परमाणु पर केंद्रित कर सकती है। यह कुछ ऐसा है जैसे पानी पर उठने वाली कोई गोलाकार तरंग किसी बाधा से टकराए, और फिर वह तरंग अचानक पूरे वृत्त पर उल्टे क्रम में दौड़कर चारों तरफ से गायब हो जाए और अपनी सारी ऊर्जा को उस बाधा पर हमला करने में झोंक दे। यांत्रिक रूप से (mechanically) देखा जाए तो यह बात बिल्कुल बेतुकी है, लेकिन इस दिशा में भौतिकी के यांत्रिकी नियम काफी समय से एक कमज़ोर सहारा साबित होते रहे हैं।
We have now got what seems to be definite proof that an X ray which spreads out in a spherical form from a source as a wave through the aether can when it meets an atom collect up all its energy from all round and concentrate it on the atom. It is as if when a circular wave on water met an obstacle, the wave were all suddenly to travel round the circle and disappear all round and concentrate its energy on attacking the obstacle. Mechanically of course this is absurd, but mechanics have in this direction been for some time a broken reed.
We have now got what seems to be definite proof that an X ray which spreads out in a spherical form from a source as a wave through the aether can when it meets an atom collect up all its energy from all round and concentrate it on the atom. It is as if when a circular wave on water met an obstacle, the wave were all suddenly to travel round the circle and disappear all round and concentrate its energy on attacking the obstacle. Mechanically of course this is absurd, but mechanics have in this direction been for some time a broken reed.
엑스레이의 전 분야가 놀랍게도 새롭게 열리고 있습니다. 브래그가 당연히 우리보다 앞서 나갔기 때문에 모든 공로는 그에게 돌아가지만, 그렇다고 해서 이 연구가 덜 흥미로워지는 것은 아닙니다.
The whole subject of the X rays is opening out wonderfully, Bragg has of course got in ahead of us, and so the credit all belongs to him, but that does not make it less interesting. We find that an X ray bulb with a platinum target gives out a sharp line spectrum of five wavelengths which the crystal separates out as if it were a diffraction grating. In this way one can get pure monochromatic X rays. Tomorrow we search for the spectra of other elements. There is here a whole new branch of spectroscopy, which is sure to tell one much about the nature of an atom.
The whole subject of the X rays is opening out wonderfully, Bragg has of course got in ahead of us, and so the credit all belongs to him, but that does not make it less interesting. We find that an X ray bulb with a platinum target gives out a sharp line spectrum of five wavelengths which the crystal separates out as if it were a diffraction grating. In this way one can get pure monochromatic X rays. Tomorrow we search for the spectra of other elements. There is here a whole new branch of spectroscopy, which is sure to tell one much about the nature of an atom.