मेरा कहना है कि लोकतंत्र हिंसा या आतंकवाद पर आधारित नहीं है, बल्कि यह तर्क, निष्पक्ष खेल, स्वतंत्रता, और दूसरे लोगों के अधिकारों के साथ-साथ उनकी महत्वाकांक्षाओं के सम्मान पर आधारित है।
Democracy, I say, is not based on violence or terrorism, but on reason, on fair play, on freedom, on respecting other people’s rights as well as their ambitions.
Democracy, I say, is not based on violence or terrorism, but on reason, on fair play, on freedom, on respecting other people’s rights as well as their ambitions.
यदि युद्ध क्रिसमस तक, जैसा कि कई लोगों का विश्वास था, या नवीनतम ईस्टर 1915 तक समाप्त होना था, तो बंदूकों के शांत होने से पहले दसियों हज़ार सैनिक मारे जा सकते थे या घायल हो सकते थे। हर सेना का मानना था कि वह कुछ ही महीनों में अपने दुश्मनों को कुचल सकती है।
If the war was to be over by Christmas, as many believed, or at the latest by Easter 1915, tens of thousands of soldiers might be killed or wounded before the guns fell silent. Every army believed that it could crush its opponents within a few months.
If the war was to be over by Christmas, as many believed, or at the latest by Easter 1915, tens of thousands of soldiers might be killed or wounded before the guns fell silent. Every army believed that it could crush its opponents within a few months.
उस सर्दी में बेटे की अपने पिता के प्यार की चाहत फिर से अधूरी रह गई। 10 नवंबर को, अपने बारहवें जन्मदिन से तीन हफ्ते पहले, उसने उसे लिखा, 'जब आप ब्राइटन में थे, तो रविवार को मुझसे मिलने कभी नहीं आए।' यह दूसरी बार था जब उसके पिता ब्राइटन में थे लेकिन उससे मिलने नहीं गए थे।
That winter the son’s need for his father’s love was again disappointed. On November 10, three weeks before his twelfth birthday, he wrote to him, ‘You never came to see me on Sunday when you were in Brighton.’ This was the second time his father had been in Brighton but had not gone to see him.
That winter the son’s need for his father’s love was again disappointed. On November 10, three weeks before his twelfth birthday, he wrote to him, ‘You never came to see me on Sunday when you were in Brighton.’ This was the second time his father had been in Brighton but had not gone to see him.
केवल एक दिन में, दिसंबर के अंत में, फ्रॉस्टबाइट (अति-सर्दी से ऊतकों के क्षय) के कारण चौदह हजार से अधिक जर्मन सैनिकों को अपने अंग कटवाने के लिए मजबूर होना पड़ा था। वे सभी इस ऑपरेशन के बाद जीवित नहीं बच पाए।
In one day alone, at the end of December, as a result of frostbite, more than fourteen thousand German soldiers had been forced to submit to amputation. Not all of them survived the operation.
In one day alone, at the end of December, as a result of frostbite, more than fourteen thousand German soldiers had been forced to submit to amputation. Not all of them survived the operation.
हमें दुर्भाग्य से भविष्य की ताकत के साधन निकालना सीखना चाहिए।
We must learn to draw from misfortune the means of future strength.
We must learn to draw from misfortune the means of future strength.
नेविल चेम्बरलिन ने जर्मन यहूदियों पर अत्याचार के बारे में एक निजी पत्र में टिप्पणी की: 'मेरा मानना है कि यह उत्पीड़न दो कारणों से उपजा है: यहूदियों को उनके धन से वंचित करने की इच्छा और उनकी बेहतर बुद्धिमत्ता से ईर्ष्या।' चेम्बरलिन ने आगे कहा: 'इसमें कोई शक नहीं कि यहूदी कोई प्यारे लोग नहीं हैं; मुझे खुद उनकी परवाह नहीं है; लेकिन पोग्रोम (यहूदी-संहार) को समझाने के लिए यह बात काफी नहीं है।'37
Neville Chamberlain, commented in a private letter on the persecution of German Jews: ‘I believe the persecution arose out of two motives: a desire to rob the Jews of their money and a jealousy of their superior cleverness.’ Chamberlain continued: ‘No doubt Jews aren’t a lovable people; I don’t care about them myself; but that is not sufficient to explain the Pogrom.’37.
Neville Chamberlain, commented in a private letter on the persecution of German Jews: ‘I believe the persecution arose out of two motives: a desire to rob the Jews of their money and a jealousy of their superior cleverness.’ Chamberlain continued: ‘No doubt Jews aren’t a lovable people; I don’t care about them myself; but that is not sufficient to explain the Pogrom.’37.
हाग द्वारा ब्रिटिश युद्ध परिषद को यह बताए हुए पाँच महीने हो चुके थे कि: 'मशीन गन एक बहुत अधिक आंकी गई हथियार है और एक बटालियन में दो होना भी बहुत ज़्यादा है।' वह एक बार फिर भयानक रूप से गलत साबित हो रहे थे।
It was five months since Haig had told the British War Council: ‘The machine gun is a much over-rated weapon and two per battalion is more than sufficient.’ He was once again being proved terribly wrong.
It was five months since Haig had told the British War Council: ‘The machine gun is a much over-rated weapon and two per battalion is more than sufficient.’ He was once again being proved terribly wrong.
उनका सबसे महान समय तब था जब उन्होंने ब्रिटेन का नेतृत्व किया जब वह सबसे अलग-थलग था, सबसे अधिक खतरे में था और सबसे कमज़ोर था; जब उनका अपना साहस, दृढ़ संकल्प और लोकतंत्र में विश्वास राष्ट्र के साथ एक हो गए थे।
His finest hour was the leadership of Britain when it was most isolated, most threatened and most weak; when his own courage, determination and belief in democracy became at one with the nation.
His finest hour was the leadership of Britain when it was most isolated, most threatened and most weak; when his own courage, determination and belief in democracy became at one with the nation.
1815 के बाद पहली बार, रूस को पोलिश राजधानी पर नियंत्रण से वंचित कर दिया गया था। यह केंद्रीय शक्तियों की एक बड़ी जीत थी। जर्मनों ने अब फ़िनलैंड पर अपनी लंबी नज़रे गड़ा दीं, जो 1808 में स्वीडिश लोगों को खदेड़े जाने के बाद से रूस का एक प्रांत था।
For the first time since 1815, Russia was denied control of the Polish capital. It was a signal triumph for the Central Powers. The Germans now set their long-term sights on Finland, Russia’s province since the Swedes had been driven out in 1808.
For the first time since 1815, Russia was denied control of the Polish capital. It was a signal triumph for the Central Powers. The Germans now set their long-term sights on Finland, Russia’s province since the Swedes had been driven out in 1808.
कॉमंस में, चर्चिल ने युवा अपराधियों की जेल की सज़ा में कटौती का बचाव करते हुए सदस्यों का ध्यान इस तथ्य की ओर आकर्षित किया कि 'यह बुराई केवल श्रमिक वर्ग के बेटों पर ही पड़ती है। अन्य वर्गों के बेटे भी ऐसे ही कई अपराध करते हैं। ऑक्सफोर्ड और कैम्ब्रिज में अपने दिनों के दौरान अपने जोश और उमंग में वे ऐसे अपराध करते हैं - जिनके लिए श्रमिक वर्ग के दर्जनों बेटों को जेल में डाल दिया जाता है - बिना उन्हें कोई नुकसान पहुँचाए।' लीजिए।
In the Commons, Churchill defended his cutting back on the imprisonment of young offenders by drawing Members’ attention to the fact that ‘the evil only falls on the sons of the working classes. The sons of other classes commit many of the same offences. In their boisterous and exuberant spirits in their days at Oxford and Cambridge they commit offences – for which scores of the sons of the working class are committed to prison – without any injury being inflicted on them.’ There.
In the Commons, Churchill defended his cutting back on the imprisonment of young offenders by drawing Members’ attention to the fact that ‘the evil only falls on the sons of the working classes. The sons of other classes commit many of the same offences. In their boisterous and exuberant spirits in their days at Oxford and Cambridge they commit offences – for which scores of the sons of the working class are committed to prison – without any injury being inflicted on them.’ There.
अब जर्मन सैनिकों को पीछे हटकर नई रक्षात्मक स्थितियों में जाना पड़ा था। इस पूरी पीछे हटने की प्रक्रिया के दौरान लड़ने वाले जर्मन सैनिकों में कॉर्पोरल हिटलर भी शामिल था। चार अगस्त को उन्हें 'व्यक्तिगत बहादुरी और सामान्य योग्यता' के लिए आयरन क्रॉस, फर्स्ट क्लास से सम्मानित किया गया। एक कॉर्पोरल के लिए यह एक असाधारण सम्मान था। हिटलर ने इसे जीवन भर पहना। रेजिमेंट के एड्जुटेंट, जिन्होंने इस सम्मान के लिए उनके नाम की सिफारिश की थी, कैप्टन ह्यूगो गुट्टमैन, एक यहूदी थे।
Now it was the Germans who had to fall back to new defensive positions. Among the German soldiers who had fought throughout the retreat was Corporal Hitler. On August 4 he was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, for ‘personal bravery and general merit’. This was an unusual decoration for a corporal. Hitler wore it for the rest of his life. The regimental adjutant who recommended him for it, Captain Hugo Guttman, was a Jew.
Now it was the Germans who had to fall back to new defensive positions. Among the German soldiers who had fought throughout the retreat was Corporal Hitler. On August 4 he was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, for ‘personal bravery and general merit’. This was an unusual decoration for a corporal. Hitler wore it for the rest of his life. The regimental adjutant who recommended him for it, Captain Hugo Guttman, was a Jew.
वह औरत ज़मीन पर घसटती हुई आई, उसके बूट पकड़ लिए और दया की भीख मांगने लगी। लेकिन उस सिपाही ने बच्चे को उठाया और उसका सिर दीवार पर दे मारा—एक बार, दो बार—उसे दीवार पर पटक दिया।
The woman crawled on the earth, took hold of his boot and pleaded for mercy. But the soldier took the boy and hit him with his head against the wall, once, twice, smashed him against the wall.
The woman crawled on the earth, took hold of his boot and pleaded for mercy. But the soldier took the boy and hit him with his head against the wall, once, twice, smashed him against the wall.
भले ही ट्यूशन दिन में सिर्फ एक घंटे की होती, लेकिन उसने अपनी माँ से कहा, 'मुझे ऐसा महसूस होगा कि मुझे एक तय समय पर वापस लौਟ जाना है और यह बात मेरी खुशी पर एक काले साये की तरह मंडराती रहेगी।'
Even if the tutoring was only for one hour a day, he told his mother, ‘I shall feel that I have got to be back at a certain time and it would hang like a dark shadow over my pleasure’.
Even if the tutoring was only for one hour a day, he told his mother, ‘I shall feel that I have got to be back at a certain time and it would hang like a dark shadow over my pleasure’.
आखिरकार सभी युद्ध आंकड़ों, रणनीतियों और उनकी शुरुआत तथा परिणामों पर होने वाली बहसों तक सिमट कर रह जाते हैं। युद्ध पर होने वाली ये बहसें महत्वपूर्ण हैं, लेकिन उन लोगों की मानवीय कहानियों से अधिक महत्वपूर्ण नहीं हैं जिन्होंने उन युद्धों में लड़ाई लड़ी थी।
All wars end up being reduced to statistics, strategies, debates about their origins and results. These debates about war are important, but not more important than the human story of those who fought in them.
All wars end up being reduced to statistics, strategies, debates about their origins and results. These debates about war are important, but not more important than the human story of those who fought in them.
लुडेंडॉर्फ और हिंडनबर्ग ने काइज़र को समझाया कि समस्या केवल जर्मन सैनिकों की लड़ने की इच्छाशक्ति और क्षमता की ही नहीं है, बल्कि राष्ट्रपति विल्सन की काइज़र या उनके सैन्य प्रमुखों में से किसी के साथ भी किसी भी तरह से बातचीत करने की गहरी अनिच्छा की भी है। सैन्य हार के कांटे के साथ-साथ राजनीतिक रूप से लोकतांत्रिक होने के कांटे को भी स्वीकार करते हुए, काइज़र ने एक संसदीय शासन प्रणाली की स्थापना की घोषणा पर हस्ताक्षर कर दिए। मात्र एक ही दिन में, जर्मनी का सैन्यवाद और निरंकुशता लगभग समाप्त हो गए।
Ludendorff and Hindenburg explained to the Kaiser that the problem was not only the German soldiers’ will and ability to fight, but also President Wilson’s deep reluctance to negotiate in any way with the Kaiser himself or his military chiefs. Grasping not only the nettle of military defeat, but also that of political democratisation, the Kaiser signed a proclamation establishing a Parliamentary regime. In the space of a single day, Germany’s militarism and autocracy were all but over.
Ludendorff and Hindenburg explained to the Kaiser that the problem was not only the German soldiers’ will and ability to fight, but also President Wilson’s deep reluctance to negotiate in any way with the Kaiser himself or his military chiefs. Grasping not only the nettle of military defeat, but also that of political democratisation, the Kaiser signed a proclamation establishing a Parliamentary regime. In the space of a single day, Germany’s militarism and autocracy were all but over.
इंडियन कॉर्प्स और फोर्थ कॉर्प्स नुकसान की परवाह किए बिना आग के गोलों को चीरते हुए आगे बढ़ेंगे, और जरूरत पड़ने पर आरक्षित बलों (रिजर्व) का इस्तेमाल करेंगे।
Indian Corps and the 4th Corps will push through the barrage of fire regardless of loss, using reserves if required.
Indian Corps and the 4th Corps will push through the barrage of fire regardless of loss, using reserves if required.
सात महीने के भीतर, 6,000 से अधिक अर्मेनियाई लोगों का नरसंहार किया गया। उसी अवधि के दौरान देश से निकाले गए 5,000,000 लोगों में से, 400,000 से अधिक लोग सीरिया और मेसोपोटामिया की ओर दक्षिण की ओर मार्च के दौरान हुई क्रूरता और तंगहाली के कारण मारे गए। सितंबर तक दस लाख से अधिक अर्मेनियाई लोग मर चुके थे, जो उस घटना के शिकार हुए जिसे बाद में नरसंहार और उसके बाद और भी आगे चलकर जातीय सफाया (एथनिक क्लींजिंग) कहा गया। इसके अलावा 200,000 लोगों को जबरन इस्लाम में धर्म-परिवर्तित कराया गया।
Within seven months, more than 600,000 Armenians were massacred. Of the 500,000 deported during that same period, more than 400,000 perished as a result of the brutalities and privations of the southward march into Syria and Mesopotamia. By September as many as a million Armenians were dead, the victims of what later became known as genocide, later still as ethnic cleansing. A further 200,000 were forcibly converted to Islam.
Within seven months, more than 600,000 Armenians were massacred. Of the 500,000 deported during that same period, more than 400,000 perished as a result of the brutalities and privations of the southward march into Syria and Mesopotamia. By September as many as a million Armenians were dead, the victims of what later became known as genocide, later still as ethnic cleansing. A further 200,000 were forcibly converted to Islam.