एक क्रांतिकारी जीवन का अंत दावतों, मानद उपाधियों, दिलचस्प शोध या प्रोफेसर की सैलरी से नहीं होता। यह तबाही, बदनामी, बेवफाई, जेल और एक ऐसी अज्ञान यात्रा की ओर ले जाता है जो केवल एक लगभग अतिमानवीय विश्वास के सहारे जगमगाती है।

A revolutionary career does not lead to banquets and honorary titles, interesting research and professorial wages. It leads to misery, disgrace, ingratitude, prison and a voyage into the unknown, illuminated by only an almost superhuman belief.

A revolutionary career does not lead to banquets and honorary titles, interesting research and professorial wages. It leads to misery, disgrace, ingratitude, prison and a voyage into the unknown, illuminated by only an almost superhuman belief.

जैसे ही कोई विचार या शब्द एक साधन बन जाता है, तो व्यक्ति को वास्तव में उस पर 'विचार' करने की, यानी उसे शब्दों में ढालने की तार्किक प्रक्रियाओं से गुजरने की आवश्यकता नहीं रह जाती। जैसा कि बार-बार और सही ढंग से指摘 किया गया है, गणित का फायदा - जो कि सभी नव-प्रत्यक्षवादी चिंतन का आदर्श है - इसी 'बौद्धिक बचत' में निहित है। जटिल तार्किक क्रियाएँ बिना उन बौद्धिक कार्यों को वास्तव में किए बिना ही पूरी कर ली जाती हैं जिन पर गणितीय और तार्किक प्रतीक आधारित होते हैं। ... तर्क... एक अंधविश्वास, एक जादुई चीज़ बन जाता है जिसे बौद्धिक रूप से महसूस करने के बजाय बस मान लिया जाता है।

As soon as a thought or word becomes a tool, one can dispense with actually 'thinking' it, that is, with going through the logical acts involved in verbal formulation of it. As has been pointed out, often and correctly, the advantage of mathematics - the model of all neo-positivistic thinking - lies in just this 'intellectual economy.' Complicated logical operations are carried out without actual performance of the intellectual acts upon which the mathematical and logical symbols are based. ... Reason ... becomes a fetish, a magic entity that is accepted rather than intellectually experienced.

As soon as a thought or word becomes a tool, one can dispense with actually 'thinking' it, that is, with going through the logical acts involved in verbal formulation of it. As has been pointed out, often and correctly, the advantage of mathematics - the model of all neo-positivistic thinking - lies in just this 'intellectual economy.' Complicated logical operations are carried out without actual performance of the intellectual acts upon which the mathematical and logical symbols are based. ... Reason ... becomes a fetish, a magic entity that is accepted rather than intellectually experienced.

यदि व्यक्तिवादी दृष्टिकोण सही है, तो चिंतन किसी भी लक्ष्य की वांछनीयता को स्वयं तय करने में मददगार नहीं हो सकता। आदर्शों की स्वीकार्यता, हमारे कार्यों और विश्वासों के मानदंड, नीतिशास्त्र और राजनीति के मुख्य सिद्धांत, हमारे सभी अंतिम निर्णय तर्क के अलावा अन्य कारकों पर निर्भर कर दिए जाते हैं। माना जाता है कि ये केवल पसंद और झुकाव की बातें हैं, और व्यावहारिक, नैतिक या सौंदर्य संबंधी निर्णय लेते समय 'सत्य' की बात करना अर्थहीन हो जाता है।

If the subjectivist view hold true, thinking cannot be of any help in determining the desirability of any goal in itself. The acceptability of ideals, the criteria for our actions and beliefs, the leading principles of ethics and politics, all our ultimate decisions are made to depend upon factors other than reason. They are supposed to be matters of choice and predilection, and it has become meaningless to speak of truth in making practical, moral or esthetic decisions.

If the subjectivist view hold true, thinking cannot be of any help in determining the desirability of any goal in itself. The acceptability of ideals, the criteria for our actions and beliefs, the leading principles of ethics and politics, all our ultimate decisions are made to depend upon factors other than reason. They are supposed to be matters of choice and predilection, and it has become meaningless to speak of truth in making practical, moral or esthetic decisions.

ज़्यादातर मामलों में, समझदार होने का मतलब ज़िद्दी न होना है, जिसका सीधा मतलब है जैसी वास्तविकता है, उसी के अनुसार खुद को ढाल लेना। तालमेल बिठाने के इस सिद्धांत को स्वतः स्पष्ट मान लिया जाता है। जब तर्क की अवधारणा की कल्पना की गई थी, तो इसका उद्देश्य साधन और साध्य के बीच के संबंध को विनियमित करने भर से कहीं अधिक था: इसे साध्य को समझने और तय करने का एक साधन माना जाता था।

In most cases, to be reasonable means not to be obstinate, which in turn points to conformity with reality as it is. The principle of adjustment is taken for granted. When the idea of reason was conceived, it was intended to achieve more than the mere regulation of the relation between means and ends: it was regarded as the instrument for understanding the ends, for determining them.

In most cases, to be reasonable means not to be obstinate, which in turn points to conformity with reality as it is. The principle of adjustment is taken for granted. When the idea of reason was conceived, it was intended to achieve more than the mere regulation of the relation between means and ends: it was regarded as the instrument for understanding the ends, for determining them.

इस विचार के सामने कि सत्य संतोष के विपरीत भी हो सकता है और इतिहास के किसी भी मोड़ पर मानवता के लिए पूरी तरह से चौंकाने वाला साबित हो सकता है,... व्यावहारिकतावादियों (प्रैग्मैटिस्ट्स) ने व्यक्ति के संतोष को ही सत्य का पैमाना बना लिया। ऐसे सिद्धांत के लिए अपने मानने वालों द्वारा पसंद किए जाने वाले किसी भी प्रकार के विश्वास को खारिज करना या उसकी आलोचना करना भी असंभव है।

In the face of the idea that truth might afford the opposite of satisfaction and turn out to be completely shocking to humanity at any given historical moment, ... the fathers of pragmatism made the satisfaction of the subject the criterion of truth. For such a doctrine there is no possibility of rejecting or even criticizing any species of belief that is enjoyed by its adherents.

In the face of the idea that truth might afford the opposite of satisfaction and turn out to be completely shocking to humanity at any given historical moment, ... the fathers of pragmatism made the satisfaction of the subject the criterion of truth. For such a doctrine there is no possibility of rejecting or even criticizing any species of belief that is enjoyed by its adherents.

एक बार जब लोकतंत्र का दार्शनिक आधार ढह जाता है, तो तानाशाही बुरी है - यह बात तार्किक रूप से केवल उन्हीं के लिए सही है जिन्हें इसका फायदा नहीं मिल रहा है, और इस कथन को इसके विपरीत में बदलने में कोई सैद्धांतिक बाधा नहीं बचती है।

Once the philosophical foundation of democracy has collapsed, the statement that dictatorship is bad is rationally valid only for those who are not its beneficiaries, and there is no theoretical obstacle to the transformation of this statement into its opposite.

Once the philosophical foundation of democracy has collapsed, the statement that dictatorship is bad is rationally valid only for those who are not its beneficiaries, and there is no theoretical obstacle to the transformation of this statement into its opposite.

दर्शनशास्त्र अत्यधिक जटिल है, और इसकी प्रक्रिया बेहद धीमी है।

Philosophy is overwhelmingly complicated, its procedure depressingly slow.

Philosophy is overwhelmingly complicated, its procedure depressingly slow.

व्यावहारिकतावाद (प्रैग्मैटिज्म), प्रायोगिक भौतिकी को सभी विज्ञानों का आदर्श बनाने और बौद्धिक जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों को प्रयोगशाला की तकनीकों के सांचे में ढालने का प्रयास करते हुए, आधुनिक उद्योगवाद का ही दूसरा रूप है। आधुनिक उद्योगवाद के लिए फैक्ट्री ही मानव अस्तित्व का आदर्श है और वह संस्कृति के सभी अंगों को असेंबली लाइन पर होने वाले उत्पादन के सांचे में ढालता है।

Pragmatism , in trying to turn experimental physics into a prototype of all science and to model all spheres of intellectual life after the techniques of the laboratory, is the counterpart of modern industrialism, for which the factory is the prototype of human existence, and which models all branches of culture after production on the conveyor belt.

Pragmatism , in trying to turn experimental physics into a prototype of all science and to model all spheres of intellectual life after the techniques of the laboratory, is the counterpart of modern industrialism, for which the factory is the prototype of human existence, and which models all branches of culture after production on the conveyor belt.

व्यावहारिकतावाद... प्रचलित व्यावसायिक संस्कृति की भावना को लगभग बिना किसी लाग-लपेट के झलकाता है, और यह ठीक उसी 'व्यावहारिक होने' के रवैये को दर्शाता है जिसके विरोध में दार्शनिक चिंतन की परिकल्पना की गई थी।

Pragmatism ... reflects with almost disarming candor the spirit of the prevailing business culture, the very same attitude of 'being practical' as counter to which philosophical meditation as such was conceived.

Pragmatism ... reflects with almost disarming candor the spirit of the prevailing business culture, the very same attitude of 'being practical' as counter to which philosophical meditation as such was conceived.

तर्क को अब वास्तविकता के सच्चे स्वरूप को समझने और हमारे जीवन के मार्गदर्शक सिद्धांतों को तय करने वाले एक अंग के रूप में पुराना मान लिया गया है।

Reason as an organ for perceiving the true nature of reality and determining the guiding principles of our lives has come to be regarded as obsolete.

Reason as an organ for perceiving the true nature of reality and determining the guiding principles of our lives has come to be regarded as obsolete.

तर्क ने कभी भी सामाजिक वास्तविकता का वास्तविक संचालन नहीं किया, लेकिन अब तर्क को किसी भी विशिष्ट दिशा या प्राथमिकता से इस हद तक मुक्त कर दिया गया है कि उसने आखिरकार मनुष्य के कर्मों और जीवन शैली पर फैसला सुनाने का काम भी पूरी तरह छोड़ दिया है। तर्क ने इन सबको उन परस्पर विरोधी हितों के हवाले कर दिया है जिनके पाले में आज हमारी दुनिया जाती हुई दिखती है।

Reason has never really directed social reality, but now reason has been so thoroughly purged of any specific trend or preference that it has finally renounced even the task of passing judgment on man's actions and way of life. Reason has turned them over for ultimate sanction to the conflicting interests to which our world actually seems abandoned.

Reason has never really directed social reality, but now reason has been so thoroughly purged of any specific trend or preference that it has finally renounced even the task of passing judgment on man's actions and way of life. Reason has turned them over for ultimate sanction to the conflicting interests to which our world actually seems abandoned.

उदाहरण के लिए, स्पिनोज़ा का मानना था कि वास्तविकता के सार और इस शाश्वत ब्रह्मांड की सुंदर संरचना की समझ स्वाभाविक रूप से इस ब्रह्मांड के प्रति प्रेम जगाती है। उनके लिए, नैतिक आचरण पूरी तरह से प्रकृति की ऐसी ही समझ से तय होता है, ठीक वैसे ही जैसे किसी व्यक्ति के महान् या प्रतिभाशाली होने को समझकर उसके प्रति हमारा समर्पण तय होता है। स्पिनोज़ा के अनुसार, ब्रह्मांड के उस महान प्रेम (जो स्वयं लोगोस है) के आगे छोटे-मोटे डर और क्षुद्र भावनाएँ गायब हो जाएँगी, बशर्ते वास्तविकता की हमारी समझ काफी गहरी हो।

Spinoza , for example, thought that insight into the essence of reality, into the harmonious structure of the eternal universe, necessarily awakens love for this universe. For him, ethical conduct is entirely determined by such insight into nature, just as our devotion to a person may be determined by insight into his greatness or genius. Fears and petty passions, alien to the great love of the universe, which is logos itself, will vanish, according to Spinoza, once our understanding of reality is deep enough.

Spinoza , for example, thought that insight into the essence of reality, into the harmonious structure of the eternal universe, necessarily awakens love for this universe. For him, ethical conduct is entirely determined by such insight into nature, just as our devotion to a person may be determined by insight into his greatness or genius. Fears and petty passions, alien to the great love of the universe, which is logos itself, will vanish, according to Spinoza, once our understanding of reality is deep enough.

अनुभव की दुनिया और भौतिकी की दुनिया के बीच के रिश्ते की जटिलता इस बात से इंकार नहीं करती कि ऐसा रिश्ता किसी भी समय मौजूद हो सकता है।

The complexity of the connection between the world of perception and the world of physics does not preclude that such a connection can be shown to exist at any time.

The complexity of the connection between the world of perception and the world of physics does not preclude that such a connection can be shown to exist at any time.

माया की एक काल्पनिक दुनिया के पक्ष में अनुभवजन्य साक्ष्यों की उपेक्षा, पूंजीवादी समाज के स्वतंत्र हो चुके व्यक्ति और उस समाज के भीतर उसके भाग्य के बीच के संघर्ष से उपजी है।

The disparagement of empirical evidence in favor of a metaphysical world of illusion has its origin in the conflicy between the emancipated individual of bourgeois society and his fate within that society.

The disparagement of empirical evidence in favor of a metaphysical world of illusion has its origin in the conflicy between the emancipated individual of bourgeois society and his fate within that society.

हमारे इंद्रियों द्वारा सामने लाए जाने वाले तथ्य सामाजिक रूप से दो तरह से निर्मित होते हैं: देखे गए वस्तु के ऐतिहासिक स्वरूप के माध्यम और देखने वाले अंग के ऐतिहासिक स्वरूप के माध्यम। ये दोनों केवल प्राकृतिक नहीं हैं; इन्हें मानवीय गतिविधियों द्वारा गढ़ा जाता है, फिर भी व्यक्ति अनुभूति की प्रक्रिया में खुद को ग्रहणशील और निष्क्रिय महसूस करता है।

The facts which our senses present to us are socially performed in two ways: through the historical character of the object perceived and through the historical character of the perceiving organ. Both are not simply natural; they are shaped by human activity, and yet the individual perceives himself as receptive and passive in the act of perception.

The facts which our senses present to us are socially performed in two ways: through the historical character of the object perceived and through the historical character of the perceiving organ. Both are not simply natural; they are shaped by human activity, and yet the individual perceives himself as receptive and passive in the act of perception.

तर्क की अवधारणा जितनी अधिक कमजोर होती जाती है, उतनी ही आसानी से वह वैचारिक हेरफेर और सबसे बड़े झूठ के प्रचार का हथियार बन जाती है। ... आत्मपरक तर्क किसी भी चीज़ से समझौता कर सकता है।

The more the concept of reason becomes emasculated, the more easily it lends itself to ideological manipulation and to propagation of even the most blatant lies. ... Subjective reason conforms to anything.

The more the concept of reason becomes emasculated, the more easily it lends itself to ideological manipulation and to propagation of even the most blatant lies. ... Subjective reason conforms to anything.

किसी इंसान को किसी प्राकृतिक दृश्य को देखकर जो आनंद मिलता है, वह ज़्यादा समय तक नहीं टिकेगा [यदि] उसे पहले से ही इस बात का यकीन हो कि वह जो रूप और रंग देख रहा है, वे केवल रूप और रंग हैं, कि वे सभी संरचनाएँ जिनमें वे भूमिका निभाते हैं, पूरी तरह से आत्मपरक हैं और उनका किसी भी सार्थक व्यवस्था या समग्रता से कोई लेना-देना नहीं है, कि वे बस और अनिवार्य रूप से कुछ भी व्यक्त नहीं करती हैं...। इसके बाद उस दृश्य में टहलने की कोई आवश्यकता ही नहीं रह जाती; और इस तरह एक पैदल यात्री द्वारा अनुभव किए जाने वाले दृश्य (landscape) का अर्थ ही खत्म हो जाता है और वह मनमाना हो जाता है। प्राकृतिक दृश्य पूरी तरह से केवल 'लैंडस्केपिंग' (सजावट) बनकर रह जाता है।

The pleasure a man gets from a landscape would [not] last long if he were convinced a priori that the forms and colors he sees are just forms and colors, that all structures in which they play a role are purely subjective and have no relation whatsoever to any meaningful order or totality, that they simply and necessarily express nothing....No walk through the landscape is necessary any longer; and thus the very concept of landscape as experienced by a pedestrian becomes meaningless and arbitrary. Landscape deteriorates altogether into landscaping.

The pleasure a man gets from a landscape would [not] last long if he were convinced a priori that the forms and colors he sees are just forms and colors, that all structures in which they play a role are purely subjective and have no relation whatsoever to any meaningful order or totality, that they simply and necessarily express nothing....No walk through the landscape is necessary any longer; and thus the very concept of landscape as experienced by a pedestrian becomes meaningless and arbitrary. Landscape deteriorates altogether into landscaping.

मनुष्य का वह गुण जो किसी व्यक्ति को उसकी श्रेणी (वर्ग) से पूरी तरह जोड़ने से रोकता है, 'अधिभौतिकीय' (metaphysical) है और अनुभववादी ज्ञानमीषा (epistemology) में इसका कोई स्थान नहीं है। जिस खांचे में एक इंसान को धकेल दिया जाता है, वही उसका भाग्य तय कर देता है।

The quality of the human that precludes identifying the individual with the class is 'metaphysical' and has no place in empiricist epistemology. The pigeon hole into which a man is shoved circumscribes his fate.

The quality of the human that precludes identifying the individual with the class is 'metaphysical' and has no place in empiricist epistemology. The pigeon hole into which a man is shoved circumscribes his fate.

क्रान्ति बन्दूकों से नहीं आएगी, बल्कि यह धीरे-धीरे, साल-दर-साल और पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी आगे बढ़ेगी। हम धीरे-धीरे उनकी शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं और राजनीतिक कार्यालयों में घुसपैठ करेंगे, और सार्वभौमिक समतावाद की ओर बढ़ते हुए उन्हें धीरे-धीरे मार्क्सवादी इकाइयों में बदल देंगे।

The Revolution won't happen with guns, rather it will happen incrementally, year by year, generation by generation. We will gradually infiltrate their educational institutions and their political offices, transforming them slowly into Marxist entities as we move towards universal egalitarianism.

The Revolution won't happen with guns, rather it will happen incrementally, year by year, generation by generation. We will gradually infiltrate their educational institutions and their political offices, transforming them slowly into Marxist entities as we move towards universal egalitarianism.

दुनिया 'जो है' उसकी ताकत और उसके साथ तालमेल बिठाने के प्रयासों में इस कदर डूबी हुई है कि किशोरों का वह विद्रोह, जो कभी पिता के खिलाफ इसलिए होता था क्योंकि पिता के कर्म उनकी अपनी विचारधारा से मेल नहीं खाते थे, अब उभर ही नहीं सकता। ... मनोवैज्ञानिक रूप से, पिता की जगह ... भौतिक संसार ने ले ली है।

The world is so possessed by the power of what is and the efforts of adjustment to it, that the adolescent's rebellion, which once fought the father because his practices contradicted his own ideology, can no longer crop up. ... Psychologically, the father is ... replaced by the world of things.

The world is so possessed by the power of what is and the efforts of adjustment to it, that the adolescent's rebellion, which once fought the father because his practices contradicted his own ideology, can no longer crop up. ... Psychologically, the father is ... replaced by the world of things.

जब आज के तानाशाह भी तर्क की बात करते हैं, तो उनका मतलब यह होता है कि उनके पास सबसे ज़्यादा टैंक हैं। वे उन्हें बनाने के लिए काफी समझदार थे; दूसरों को भी यह समझदारी दिखानी चाहिए कि वे उनके आगे घुटने टेक दें।

When even the dictators of today appeal to reason, they mean that they possess the most tanks. They were rational enough to build them; others should be rational enough to yield to them.

When even the dictators of today appeal to reason, they mean that they possess the most tanks. They were rational enough to build them; others should be rational enough to yield to them.

जब महान धार्मिक और दार्शनिक विचार जीवंत थे, तब समझदार लोग विनम्रता, भाईचारे, न्याय और मानवता की इसलिए सराहना नहीं करते थे कि ऐसे सिद्धांतों पर चलना व्यावहारिक था और इनसे भटकना अजीब या खतरनाक था, या इसलिए कि ये बातें उनकी तथाकथित स्वतंत्र पसंद के ज्यादा अनुकूल थीं। वे इन विचारों को इसलिए मानते थे क्योंकि वे इनमें सच्चाई के अंश देखते थे, क्योंकि वे इन्हें 'लोगोस' (ईश्वर, किसी पारमभौतिक चेतना, या यहां तक कि एक शाश्वत सिद्धांत के रूप में प्रकृति) के विचार से जोड़ते थे।

When the great religious and philosophical conceptions were alive, thinking people did not extol humility and brotherly love, justice and humanity because it was realistic to maintain such principles and odd and dangerous to deviate from them, or because these maxims were more in harmony with their supposedly free tastes than others. They held to such ideas because they saw in them elements of truth, because they connected them with the idea of logos, whether in the form of God or of a transcendental mind, or even of nature as an eternal principle.

When the great religious and philosophical conceptions were alive, thinking people did not extol humility and brotherly love, justice and humanity because it was realistic to maintain such principles and odd and dangerous to deviate from them, or because these maxims were more in harmony with their supposedly free tastes than others. They held to such ideas because they saw in them elements of truth, because they connected them with the idea of logos, whether in the form of God or of a transcendental mind, or even of nature as an eternal principle.

जो कोई भी इंसानों के बीच रहना चाहता है, उसे उनके कानूनों का पालन करना ही होगा—पश्चिमी सभ्यता की धर्मनिरपेक्ष नैतिकता का सार यही है। ... इस तरह की आज्ञाकारिता के रूप में तर्कशीलता सब कुछ निगल जाती है, यहाँ तक कि सोचने की आज़ादी को भी।

Whoever desires to live among men has to obey their laws this is what the secular morality of Western civilization comes down to. ... Rationality in the form of such obedience swallows up everything, even the freedom to think.

Whoever desires to live among men has to obey their laws this is what the secular morality of Western civilization comes down to. ... Rationality in the form of such obedience swallows up everything, even the freedom to think.

जो पूंजीवाद पर बात करने के लिए तैयार नहीं है, उसे फासीवाद पर भी चुप रहना चाहिए।

Whoever is not prepared to talk about capitalism should also remain silent about fascism.

Whoever is not prepared to talk about capitalism should also remain silent about fascism.

'ओटियम' (फुर्सत और आत्ममंथन के पल) और अहंकार के खात्मे के बाद कोई निष्पक्ष या स्वतंत्र चिंतन नहीं बचता। ... ओटियम के बिना दार्शनिक सोच असंभव है, न तो इसकी कल्पना की जा सकती है और न ही इसे समझा जा सकता है।

With the abolition of otium and of the ego no aloof thinking is left. ... Without otium philosophical thought is impossible, cannot be conceived or understood.

With the abolition of otium and of the ego no aloof thinking is left. ... Without otium philosophical thought is impossible, cannot be conceived or understood.