हर प्रचार लोकप्रिय होना चाहिए और उसका बौद्धिक स्तर उन लोगों में से सबसे कम बुद्धि वाले व्यक्ति के हिसाब से होना चाहिए।
All propaganda must be popular and its intellectual level must be adjusted to the most limited intelligence among those it is addressed to.
All propaganda must be popular and its intellectual level must be adjusted to the most limited intelligence among those it is addressed to.
हाइमरिच हिमलर ने घोषणा की थी: ‘जर्मनी के लिए एंटी-टैंक खंदक खोदने के काम में अगर 10,000 रूसी महिलाएँ थकान से बेदम होकर गिर भी जाती हैं, तो इसमें मेरी दिलचस्पी सिर्फ़ इतनी है कि जर्मनी के लिए खंदक खुद जानी चाहिए।’
Heinrich Himmler declared: ‘Whether 10,000 Russian women collapse with exhaustion in the construction of an anti-tank ditch for Germany only interests me insofar as the ditch gets dug for Germany.
Heinrich Himmler declared: ‘Whether 10,000 Russian women collapse with exhaustion in the construction of an anti-tank ditch for Germany only interests me insofar as the ditch gets dug for Germany.
हिटलर ने बार-बार इस बात पर ज़ोर दिया कि नाजीवाद आधुनिक विज्ञान पर आधारित एक सेक्युलर विचारधारा है। उन्होंने घोषणा की कि विज्ञान अंधविश्वासों के बचे-खुचे अवशेषों को आसानी से मिटा देगा। ‘गाँव में एक छोटी सी दूरबीन लगा दीजिए, और आप अंधविश्वासों की पूरी दुनिया को ख़त्म कर देते हैं।’
Hitler emphasized again and again his belief that Nazism was a secular ideology founded on modern science. Science, he declared, would easily destroy the last remaining vestiges of superstition. ‘Put a small telescope in a village, and you destroy a world of superstitions.’24.
Hitler emphasized again and again his belief that Nazism was a secular ideology founded on modern science. Science, he declared, would easily destroy the last remaining vestiges of superstition. ‘Put a small telescope in a village, and you destroy a world of superstitions.’24.
30 अप्रैल 1945 को हैम्बर्ग में हिटलर की मौत की खबर सुनकर (जिसे वह मानती थीं कि उसने खुद ज़हर खाकर जान दी है), लुइस सोल्मिट्ज़ आख़िरकार उस नफ़रत को बाहर निकालने के लिए आज़ाद महसूस कर रही थीं जो उसने पिछले कुछ महीनों से उसके खिलाफ पाल रखी थी। उसने अपनी डायरी में लिखा, वह ‘विश्व इतिहास की सबसे घटिया असफलता’ था। वह ‘समझौता न करने वाला, बेलगाम, और गैर-ज़िम्मेदार’ था—ऐसे गुण जिन्होंने शुरू में तो उसे सफलता दिलाई लेकिन बाद में तबाही की वजह बने। ‘नेशनलिस्ट...’
In Hamburg on 30 April 1945, hearing of Hitler’s death, which she believed to have been caused by his having poisoned himself, Luise Solmitz at last felt free to release the hatred that she had been building up for him over the previous months. He was, she wrote in her diary, ‘the shabbiest failure in world history’. He was ‘uncompromising, unbridled, irresponsible’, qualities that had at first brought him success but then led to catastrophe. ‘National.
In Hamburg on 30 April 1945, hearing of Hitler’s death, which she believed to have been caused by his having poisoned himself, Luise Solmitz at last felt free to release the hatred that she had been building up for him over the previous months. He was, she wrote in her diary, ‘the shabbiest failure in world history’. He was ‘uncompromising, unbridled, irresponsible’, qualities that had at first brought him success but then led to catastrophe. ‘National.
कार्ल मार्क्स ने एक बार बहुत शानदार बात कही थी कि लोग अपना इतिहास खुद बनाते हैं, लेकिन अपनी पसंद की परिस्थितियों में नहीं।
People make their own history, as Karl Marx once memorably observed, but not under conditions of their own choosing.
People make their own history, as Karl Marx once memorably observed, but not under conditions of their own choosing.
अगर तृतीय राइस का अनुभव हमें कुछ सिखाता है, तो वह यह है कि महान संगीत, महान कला और महान साहित्य का प्रेम किसी भी इंसान को हिंसा, अत्याचार या तानाशाही की गुलामी के खिलाफ कोई नैतिक या राजनीतिक सुरक्षा कवच नहीं देता।
If the experience of the Third Reich teaches us anything, it is that a love of great music, great art and great literature does not provide people with any kind of moral or political immunization against violence, atrocity, or subservience to dictatorship.
If the experience of the Third Reich teaches us anything, it is that a love of great music, great art and great literature does not provide people with any kind of moral or political immunization against violence, atrocity, or subservience to dictatorship.
अगले दिन, 25 फरवरी 1945 को गोएबेल ने 'द राइस' में एक लेख के ज़रिए चेतावनी दी कि अगर जर्मनी ने आत्मसमर्पण कर दिया, तो स्टालिन तुरंत दक्षिण-पूर्वी यूरोप पर कब्ज़ा कर लेगा, और ‘इस विशाल क्षेत्र तथा सोवियत संघ के विस्तृत इलाके पर तुरंत एक लोहे का पर्दा (आयरन कर्टन) गिर जाएगा, और इसके पीछे राष्ट्रों का कत्लेआम किया जाएगा।’
The next day, 25 February 1945, Goebbels warned, in an article in The Reich, that, if Germany surrendered, Stalin would immediately occupy south-eastern Europe, and ‘an iron curtain would immediately fall on this huge territory, together with the vastness of the Soviet Union, and nations would be slaughtered behind it’.
The next day, 25 February 1945, Goebbels warned, in an article in The Reich, that, if Germany surrendered, Stalin would immediately occupy south-eastern Europe, and ‘an iron curtain would immediately fall on this huge territory, together with the vastness of the Soviet Union, and nations would be slaughtered behind it’.
इन सबसे ऊपर, हालांकि, 1918 की वह याद थी जिसके तहत यह माना जाता था कि यहूदी, चाहे वे कहीं के भी हों और कोई भी हों, विध्वंस, पक्षपातपूर्ण गतिविधियों, कम्युनिस्ट प्रतिरोध आंदोलनों और ऐसी ही तमाम चीज़ों में शामिल होकर जर्मन युद्ध के प्रयासों को कमज़ोर करने की साज़िश रच रहे हैं।
Overriding all of them, however, was the memory of 1918, the belief that the Jews, wherever and whoever they might be, threatened to undermine the German war effort, by engaging in subversion, partisan activities, Communist resistance movements and much else besides.
Overriding all of them, however, was the memory of 1918, the belief that the Jews, wherever and whoever they might be, threatened to undermine the German war effort, by engaging in subversion, partisan activities, Communist resistance movements and much else besides.
अपने सभी नागरिकों के अधिकार के रूप में एक स्वतंत्र और व्यापक कल्याणकारी प्रणाली का निर्माण वेइमार गणराज्य की सबसे बड़ी उपलब्धियों में से एक था, और शायद पीछे मुड़कर देखने पर इसकी सबसे अहम उपलब्धि थी।
The creation of a free and comprehensive welfare system as the entitlement of all its citizens was one of the major achievements of the Weimar Republic, perhaps in retrospect its most important.
The creation of a free and comprehensive welfare system as the entitlement of all its citizens was one of the major achievements of the Weimar Republic, perhaps in retrospect its most important.
वास्तव में, कुछ लोगों ने तो बिस्मार्क की इस रचना को ‘दूसरा राइस’ भी कहा। इस शब्द के इस्तेमाल का मतलब यह भी था कि जहाँ पहला राइस फ्रांसीसी आक्रमण के आगे असफल रहा था, वहीं दूसरा सफल रहा।
Some, indeed, referred to Bismarck’s creation as the ‘Second Reich’. The use of the word implied, too, that where the First Reich had failed, in the face of French aggression, the Second had succeeded.
Some, indeed, referred to Bismarck’s creation as the ‘Second Reich’. The use of the word implied, too, that where the First Reich had failed, in the face of French aggression, the Second had succeeded.
इतिहास के मंच पर देर से आने के कारण, जर्मनी को यूरोपीय औपनिवेशिक ताकतों द्वारा छोड़ी गई जूठन और टुकड़ियाँ ही नसीब हो पाई थीं, जिन्हें उपनिवेशीकरण की शुरुआत का फायदा मिला था।
A latecomer on the scene, Germany had only been able to pick up the scraps and crumbs left over by European colonial powers that had enjoyed a head start on them.
A latecomer on the scene, Germany had only been able to pick up the scraps and crumbs left over by European colonial powers that had enjoyed a head start on them.
फिर भी उन्होंने इसकी शुरुआत का विरोध किया।
Yet he opposed the introduction.
Yet he opposed the introduction.
युद्ध के शुरुआती दौर के नज़रि से पुरानी यादों में खोकर देखें तो, 1914 से पहले का जर्मनी कई लोगों को शांति, समृद्धि और सामाजिक सौहार्द का स्वर्ग लगता था। फिर भी, इसकी समृद्ध और आत्मविश्वासी सतह के नीचे, यह बेचैन, अनिश्चित और अंदरूनी तनावों से ग्रस्त था।
Viewed nostalgically from the perspective of the early interwar years, Germany before 1914 seemed to many to have been a haven of peace, prosperity and social harmony. Yet beneath its prosperous and self-confident surface, it was nervous, uncertain and racked by internal tensions.
Viewed nostalgically from the perspective of the early interwar years, Germany before 1914 seemed to many to have been a haven of peace, prosperity and social harmony. Yet beneath its prosperous and self-confident surface, it was nervous, uncertain and racked by internal tensions.
तृतीय राइस को एक आधुनिक तानाशाही बनाने वाली तमाम चीज़ों में, जनता की स्वीकृति पाने की इसकी लगातार मांग सबसे ज़्यादा चौकाने वाली थी।
Of all the things that made the Third Reich a modern dictatorship, its incessant demand for popular legitimation was one of the most striking.
Of all the things that made the Third Reich a modern dictatorship, its incessant demand for popular legitimation was one of the most striking.
धूम्रपान और फेफड़ों के कैंसर के बीच का संबंध सबसे पहले एक नाज़ी महामारी विज्ञानी (एपिडेमियोलॉजिस्ट) ने स्थापित किया था, जिसने जून 1939 में तंबाकू की खपत से निपटने के लिए एक सरकारी एजेंसी बनाई थी।
It was a Nazi epidemiologist who first established the link between smoking and lung cancer, establishing a government agency to combat tobacco consumption in June 1939.
It was a Nazi epidemiologist who first established the link between smoking and lung cancer, establishing a government agency to combat tobacco consumption in June 1939.
1930 तक यह बिल्कुल स्पष्ट हो चुका था कि देश की बागडोर एक ऐसे व्यक्ति के हाथ में है, जिसे लोकतांत्रिक संस्थाओं पर कोई भरोसा नहीं था और न ही उनके दुश्मनों से उनकी रक्षा करने का उसका कोई इरादा था।
By 1930 at the latest, it had become clear that the Presidential power was in the hands of a man who had no faith in democratic institutions and no intention of defending them from their enemies.
By 1930 at the latest, it had become clear that the Presidential power was in the hands of a man who had no faith in democratic institutions and no intention of defending them from their enemies.
जर्मनी की कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी इस विश्वास पर हमेशा अडिग रही कि वाइमर गणराज्य एक ऐसा पूंजीवादी राज्य है जिसका मुख्य उद्देश्य पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था की रक्षा करना और मज़दूर वर्ग का शोषण करना है। उन्हें उम्मीद थी कि पूंजीवाद का पतन अवश्य होगा और इस 'पूंजीवादी' गणराज्य की जगह रूसी तर्ज पर एक सोवियत राज्य ले लेगा।
Communist Party of Germany never deviated from its belief that the Republic was a bourgeois state whose primary purposes were the protection of the capitalist economic order and the exploitation of the working class. Capitalism, they hoped, would inevitably collapse and the ‘bourgeois’ republic would be replaced by a Soviet state along Russian lines.
Communist Party of Germany never deviated from its belief that the Republic was a bourgeois state whose primary purposes were the protection of the capitalist economic order and the exploitation of the working class. Capitalism, they hoped, would inevitably collapse and the ‘bourgeois’ republic would be replaced by a Soviet state along Russian lines.
मूल रूप से, नस्लीय स्वच्छता का जन्म समाज को अन्य सभी बातों को ताक पर रखकर पूरी तरह वैज्ञानिक सिद्धांतों के आधार पर चलाने की एक नई चाहत से हुआ था।
Fundamentally, racial hygiene was born of a new drive for society to be governed by scientific principles irrespective of all other considerations.
Fundamentally, racial hygiene was born of a new drive for society to be governed by scientific principles irrespective of all other considerations.