मेरे कितने ही दोस्त मुझसे कहते हैं कि वे धार्मिक नहीं हैं। मेरा जवाब होता है, अरे भाई, बिल्कुल तुम धार्मिक हो। तुम ओपरा विनफ्रे का शो देखती हो ना?

So many of my friends tell me they’re not religious. I’m like, Of course you’re religious. You watch Oprah Winfrey, don’t you?

So many of my friends tell me they’re not religious. I’m like, Of course you’re religious. You watch Oprah Winfrey, don’t you?

आज जो मैक्सिकन लोग अमेरिका आते हैं, वे अंततः वहां की संस्कृति में घुलने-मिलने (असिमलेशन) का विरोध करते हैं। उनका कहना है कि वे "अपनी संस्कृति को बचा कर रख रहे हैं।" उनसे मैं कहता हूं, "अगर तुम सचमुच अपनी संस्कृति को बचाना चाहते, तो तुम अंग्रेजी में ढलने के पक्ष में होते। तुम अंग्रेजी को अपनाने और अमेरिकी रंग में रंगने से डरते नहीं। तुम भविष्य को लेकर कहीं अधिक सकारात्मक होते और कम डरे हुए होते। मैक्सिकन होने का असली मतलब यही है।"

Mexicans who come to America today end up opposing assimilation. They say they are "holding on to their culture." To them, I say, "If you really wanted to hold on to your culture, you would be in favor of assimilation. You would be fearless about swallowing English and about becoming Americanized. You would be much more positive about the future, and much less afraid. That's what it means to be Mexican.

Mexicans who come to America today end up opposing assimilation. They say they are "holding on to their culture." To them, I say, "If you really wanted to hold on to your culture, you would be in favor of assimilation. You would be fearless about swallowing English and about becoming Americanized. You would be much more positive about the future, and much less afraid. That's what it means to be Mexican.

शिक्षा वह मानवीय प्रक्रिया है जिसमें आप अपने शरीर को परिपक्व होते महसूस करते हैं, अपने मन को ऐसे विचारों से पोषित करते हैं जो उसके पास पहले कभी नहीं थे, या ऐसी जानकारी से जो आपके पास कभी नहीं थी। आप यह सब सिर्फ कंप्यूटर पर नहीं कर सकते।

Education is that human process of feeling your body mature, feeding your mind with ideas that it never had before, or information you never had. You simply cannot do that on a computer.

Education is that human process of feeling your body mature, feeding your mind with ideas that it never had before, or information you never had. You simply cannot do that on a computer.

मुझे लगता है कि शिक्षा आपको एक आवाज़ देती है। यह आपको एक जज से बात करने का तरीका देती है। जब कोई पुलिसकर्मी आपको सड़क किनारे रोकता है, तो आपके पास अपनी बात रखने की आवाज़ होती है। जब आप कोई सीमा पार करते हैं, तो आपके पास एक आवाज़ होती है। जब आप अपने विचार व्यक्त करने के लिए लिखते हैं, तो आपके पास एक आवाज़ होती है।

I think what education gives you is a voice. It gives you a way of talking to a judge. When a policeman pulls you off to the side of the road, you have a voice. When you cross a border, you have a voice. When you are writing to express your opinions, you have a voice.

I think what education gives you is a voice. It gives you a way of talking to a judge. When a policeman pulls you off to the side of the road, you have a voice. When you cross a border, you have a voice. When you are writing to express your opinions, you have a voice.

कुछ बातें इतनी गहराई से व्यक्तिगत होती हैं कि उन्हें केवल अजनबियों के सामने ही बयां किया जा सकता है।

There are things so deeply personal that they can be revealed only to strangers.

There are things so deeply personal that they can be revealed only to strangers.

इसलिए, बहुसांस्कृतिक बनने के बजाय, कई भाषाओं के जानकार बनने के बजाय, दुनिया के अपने ज्ञान के प्रति आश्वस्त होने के बजाय, आप ठीक इसके विपरीत बन जाते हैं। कॉलेज पहुँचकर आपको इस बात के लिए माफ़ी मांगनी पड़ती है कि आप अब अपनी मातृभाषा नहीं बोलते।

So, rather than becoming multicultural, rather than becoming a person of several languages, rather than becoming confident in your knowledge of the world, you become just the opposite. You end up in college having to apologize for the fact that you no longer speak your native language.

So, rather than becoming multicultural, rather than becoming a person of several languages, rather than becoming confident in your knowledge of the world, you become just the opposite. You end up in college having to apologize for the fact that you no longer speak your native language.

कक्षा में मेरी सफलता का एक मुख्य कारण यह था कि मैं यह नहीं भूल पा रहा था कि स्कूली शिक्षा मुझे बदल रही थी और छात्र बनने से पहले जिस जीवन का मैंने आनंद लिया था, उससे मुझे अलग कर रही थी।

A primary reason for my success in the classroom was that I couldn't forget that schooling was changing me and separating me from the life I enjoyed before becoming a student.

A primary reason for my success in the classroom was that I couldn't forget that schooling was changing me and separating me from the life I enjoyed before becoming a student.

बेशक, कुछ देशों में स्पेनिश वह भाषा है जो सार्वजनिक रूप से बोली जाती है। लेकिन कई अमेरिकी बच्चों के लिए जिनके परिवार घर पर स्पेनिश बोलते हैं, यह एक निजी भाषा बन जाती है। वे अंग्रेजी भाषी दुनिया को खुद से दूर रखने के लिए इसका इस्तेमाल करते हैं।

In some countries, of course, Spanish is the language spoken in public. But for many American children whose families speak Spanish at home, it becomes a private language. They use it to keep the English-speaking world at bay.

In some countries, of course, Spanish is the language spoken in public. But for many American children whose families speak Spanish at home, it becomes a private language. They use it to keep the English-speaking world at bay.

लेकिन कोई भी चीज़ भूलने की कोशिश करने से नहीं भूली जाती। इंसान केवल याद रखता है।

But one does not forget by trying to forget. One only remembers.

But one does not forget by trying to forget. One only remembers.

शायद आज अमेरिका में 'अमेरिकन ड्रीम' हमारे लिए कुछ ज्यादा ही बड़ा हो गया है। शायद हम इसे खो रहे हैं क्योंकि अब हम अपनी उस स्वीडिश दादी की तरह नहीं रहे जो मैदानों को पार कर के आई थीं, पेड़ों को काटा था, और रास्ते में मिले स्पेनिश शब्दों को अपना लिया था। अब उनके परपोते-परपोतियां सहमे हुए बैठे हैं, सोचते हैं कि इन सारे मैक्सिकन्स के साथ क्या किया जाए। 'अमेरिकन ड्रीम' संभावनाओं का एक असंभव सा दावा है। और शायद जन्मजात अमेरिकियों के पास अब वह जज्बा नहीं रहा। शायद वह उनकी उंगलियों से फिसल चुका है।

Maybe the American Dream is too rich for us now in the U.S. Maybe we're losing it because we are not like our Swedish grandmother who came across the plains, hacked down the trees, and took the Spanish words she encountered and made them hers. Now her great-great-grandchildren sit terrified, wondering what to do with all these Mexicans. The American Dream is an impossible affirmation of possibility. And maybe native-born Americans don't have it anymore. Maybe it has run through their fingers.

Maybe the American Dream is too rich for us now in the U.S. Maybe we're losing it because we are not like our Swedish grandmother who came across the plains, hacked down the trees, and took the Spanish words she encountered and made them hers. Now her great-great-grandchildren sit terrified, wondering what to do with all these Mexicans. The American Dream is an impossible affirmation of possibility. And maybe native-born Americans don't have it anymore. Maybe it has run through their fingers.

मैं अमेरिका में नस्ल के बारे में इस उम्मीद के साथ लिखता हूं कि अमेरिका में नस्ल की धारणा को ही खत्म किया जा सके।

I write about race in America in hopes of undermining the notion of race in America.

I write about race in America in hopes of undermining the notion of race in America.

अमेरिकी संस्कृति की प्रतिभा और उसकी अखंडता सच्चाई के प्रति निष्ठा से आती है। हम कहते हैं, दिन के उजाले की तरह साफ। दिन जितना लंबा हो, उतने ही खुश। सुबह जल्दी सोना और जल्दी उठना। अमेरिकी गुण दिन के उजाले वाले गुण हैं: ईमानदारी, सत्यनिष्ठा, स्पष्ट बातचीत। जब हमारा मतलब हां से होता है तो हम हां कहते हैं और जब ना से होता है तो ना कहते हैं, और बाकी सब बुराई से आता है। अमेरिका मासूमियत और यहां तक कि खुशी के अधिकार को भी सर्वोपरि मानता है।

The genius of American culture and its integrity comes from fidelity to the light. Plain as day, we say. Happy as the day is long. Early to bed, early to rise. American virtues are daylight virtues: honesty, integrity, plain speech. We say yes when we mean yes and no when we mean no, and all else comes from the evil one. America presumes innocence and even the right to happiness.

The genius of American culture and its integrity comes from fidelity to the light. Plain as day, we say. Happy as the day is long. Early to bed, early to rise. American virtues are daylight virtues: honesty, integrity, plain speech. We say yes when we mean yes and no when we mean no, and all else comes from the evil one. America presumes innocence and even the right to happiness.

इन दिनों मुझे इस बात की चिंता होती है कि कैलिफोर्निया के लातीनी लोग न तो ठीक से स्पेनिश बोल पाते हैं और न ही अंग्रेजी। वे दोनों भाषाओं के बीच एक तरह के भाषाई अधर में लटके हुए हैं। सच कहें तो उनकी कोई अपनी भाषा नहीं है, और एक गहरे अर्थ में, वे बेघर हैं।

I worry these days that Latinos in California speak neither Spanish nor English very well. They are in a kind of linguistic limbo between the two. They don't really have a language, and are, in some deep sense, homeless.

I worry these days that Latinos in California speak neither Spanish nor English very well. They are in a kind of linguistic limbo between the two. They don't really have a language, and are, in some deep sense, homeless.

1950 के दशक के सैक्रामेंटो में, ऐसा लगता था जैसे गोरों के पास यह समझने का समय ही नहीं था कि भूरे (ब्राउन) लोग कौन हैं। वह गोरों की व्यस्तता का दौर था। भूरे रंग के लोग उन दुबले या मोटे बच्चों की तरह थे जो टीम के कप्तान द्वारा खिलाड़ियों को चुनने के बाद बच जाते थे। तुम बाकी को ले लो — जो मेरे लिए चुपचाप किनारे से हट जाने, कहीं दूर चले जाने का इशारा था।

In the Sacramento of the 1950s, it was as though White simply hadn't had time enough to figure Brown out. It was a busy white time. Brown was like the skinny or fat kids left over after the team captains chose sides. You take the rest — my cue to wander away to the sidelines, to wander away.

In the Sacramento of the 1950s, it was as though White simply hadn't had time enough to figure Brown out. It was a busy white time. Brown was like the skinny or fat kids left over after the team captains chose sides. You take the rest — my cue to wander away to the sidelines, to wander away.

मुझे लगता है कि 'ब्राउन' रंग लोगों के फिर से मिलने का, और सदियों पुरानी भटकन के अंत का प्रतीक है। विरोधी संस्कृतियां और मान्यताएं बसंत के साथ मिलकर ऐसे बच्चों को जन्म देती हैं जिनकी सुंदरता और शायद सद्भाव, पहले कभी नहीं देखा गया था या लंबे समय से भुला दिया गया था।

I think brown marks a reunion of peoples, an end to ancient wanderings. Rival cultures and creeds conspire with Spring to create children of a beauty, perhaps of a harmony, previously unknown. Or long forgotten.

I think brown marks a reunion of peoples, an end to ancient wanderings. Rival cultures and creeds conspire with Spring to create children of a beauty, perhaps of a harmony, previously unknown. Or long forgotten.

पूर्वी लॉस एंजिल्स में जिन मैक्सिकन गैंग के सदस्यों से मैं मिलता हूँ, उन्हें देखकर मुझे लगातार निराशा होती है, जो असल में अपनी ज़िंदगी सिर्फ पाँच या छह ब्लॉकों के दायरे में जीते हैं। वे दिमाग की किसी ऐसी छोटी सी कोठरी में फंसे हैं जो उन्हें इन पाँच ब्लॉकों तक सीमित रखती है क्योंकि वे कहते हैं, "मैं मैक्सिकन हूँ। मैं यहीं रहता हूँ।" और मैं कहता हूँ, "तुम क्या कहते हो कि तुम यहीं रहते हो - पाँच ब्लॉक? तुम्हारी दादी, तुम्हारी आबालिता (दादी), यहाँ पहुँचने के लिए दो हज़ार मील पैदल चलकर आई थीं। उन्होंने सीमाएं लांघ दीं, एक भाषा से दूसरी भाषा में गईं, सोलहवीं सदी के गाँव से इक्कीसवीं सदी के शहर में आ गईं, और तुम सिर्फ पाँच ब्लॉकों के भीतर जीते हो?"

'm constantly depressed by the Mexican gang members I meet in East L.A. who essentially live their lives inside five or six blocks. They are caught in some tiny ghetto of the mind that limits them to these five blocks because, they say, "I'm Mexican. I live here." And I say, "What do you mean you live here - five blocks? Your granny, your abualita, walked two thousand miles to get here. She violated borders, moved from one language to another, moved from a sixteenth-century village to a twenty-first-century city, and you live within five blocks?"

'm constantly depressed by the Mexican gang members I meet in East L.A. who essentially live their lives inside five or six blocks. They are caught in some tiny ghetto of the mind that limits them to these five blocks because, they say, "I'm Mexican. I live here." And I say, "What do you mean you live here - five blocks? Your granny, your abualita, walked two thousand miles to get here. She violated borders, moved from one language to another, moved from a sixteenth-century village to a twenty-first-century city, and you live within five blocks?"

किताबों को भ्रमित करना चाहिए। साहित्य को आम या घिसी-पिटी बातें पसंद नहीं हैं। साहित्य विशिष्टता, सांसारिक चीज़ों, कागज़ के चिकनेपन, गर्म बीयर के स्वाद, प्याज या बहमे (एक प्रकार का फल) की महक की ओर बहता है। ऑडेन की एक पंक्ति है: "बंदरगाहों के पास समुद्र के लिए अपने नाम होते हैं।" इसी तरह साहित्य जीवन का वर्णन बहुत जाने-पहचाने, क्षेत्रीय तरीके से करेगा, उन शब्दों में जिनका जीवन आदि से आदिम काल से आदी रहा है — चाहे वे शब्द ऊंचे हों या नीचे। इस प्रेरणा से साहित्य अपने विषय के वैभव के साथ धोखा नहीं कर सकता — यहाँ केवल एक ही विषय है: जीवित होने का एहसास कैसा होता है। कुछ भी अप्रासंगिक नहीं है। कुछ भी आम नहीं है।

Books should confuse. Literature abhors the typical. Literature flows to the particular, the mundane, the greasiness of paper, the taste of warm beer, the smell of onion or quince. Auden has a line: "Ports have names they call the sea." Just so will literature describe life familiarly, regionally, in terms life is accustomed to use -- high or low matters not. Literature cannot by this impulse betray the grandeur of its subject -- there is only one subject: What it feels like to be alive. Nothing is irrelevant. Nothing is typical.

Books should confuse. Literature abhors the typical. Literature flows to the particular, the mundane, the greasiness of paper, the taste of warm beer, the smell of onion or quince. Auden has a line: "Ports have names they call the sea." Just so will literature describe life familiarly, regionally, in terms life is accustomed to use -- high or low matters not. Literature cannot by this impulse betray the grandeur of its subject -- there is only one subject: What it feels like to be alive. Nothing is irrelevant. Nothing is typical.

हम सब अपने नामों के साथ जो हाइफ़न (जोड़ का चिह्न) लगा रहे हैं, उससे पता चलता है कि हम संस्कृति में घुलने-मिलने (असिमलेशन) से डरते हैं। मैं हाल ही में बीबीसी पर बात कर रहा था, और उस महिला ने मेरा परिचय देते हुए कहा कि मैं "संस्कृति में घुलने-मिलने के पक्ष में हूँ।" मैंने कहा, "मैं इसके पक्ष में नहीं हूँ।" मैं संस्कृति में घुलने-मिलने के पक्ष में उतना ही हूँ जितना प्रशांत महासागर के पक्ष में हूँ। असिमलेशन यानी घुलमिल जाना कोई ऐसी चीज़ नहीं है जिसका विरोध किया जाए या समर्थन किया जाए — यह तो बस हो जाता है।

The fact that we're all hyphenating our names suggests that we are afraid of being assimilated. I was talking on the BBC recently, and this woman introduced me as being "in favor of assimilation." I said, "I'm not in favor of assimilation." I am no more in favor of assimilation than I am in favor of the Pacific Ocean. Assimilation is not something to oppose or favor - it just happens.

The fact that we're all hyphenating our names suggests that we are afraid of being assimilated. I was talking on the BBC recently, and this woman introduced me as being "in favor of assimilation." I said, "I'm not in favor of assimilation." I am no more in favor of assimilation than I am in favor of the Pacific Ocean. Assimilation is not something to oppose or favor - it just happens.

यद्यपि मैं अब जीवित हूँ, फिर भी मैं यह नहीं मानता कि एक बूढ़े व्यक्ति की निराशा किसी युवा व्यक्ति की आशावाद से स्वाभाविक रूप से अधिक सच्ची होती है, सिर्फ इसलिए कि वह बाद में आती है। कुछ ऐसी बातें होती हैं जो एक युवा जानता है जो सच होती हैं और जो अभी बूढ़े व्यक्ति के वश में नहीं होती कि वह उन्हें याद रख सके। वसंत की अपनी एक कच्ची, अनोखी समझ होती है।

Though I am alive now, I do not believe an old man's pessimism is nessessarily truer than a young man's optimism simply because it comes after. There are things a young man knows that are true and are not yet in the old man's power to recollect. Spring has its sappy wisdom.

Though I am alive now, I do not believe an old man's pessimism is nessessarily truer than a young man's optimism simply because it comes after. There are things a young man knows that are true and are not yet in the old man's power to recollect. Spring has its sappy wisdom.

भाषा एक सामाजिक घटना है।

Language is a social event.

Language is a social event.

निबंध का असली ड्रामा वह तरीका है जिससे सार्वजनिक जीवन मेरे निजी और व्यक्तिगत जीवन को काटता है (या मिलता है)। इसी मिलन बिंदु में मुझे निबंध की ऊर्जा मिलती है।

The drama of the essay is the way the public life intersects with my personal and private life. It's in that intersection that I find the energy of the essay.

The drama of the essay is the way the public life intersects with my personal and private life. It's in that intersection that I find the energy of the essay.

अमेरिकियों को जो चीज़ वास्तव में डराती है, वह यह संभावना है कि इंडियन (मूल अमेरिकी) पूरी तरह से जीवित है, कि ग्वाटेमाला में एक इंडियन महिला के नौ बच्चे हो रहे हैं, और वे नौ बच्चे इसी तरफ आ रहे हैं। यही एक मुख्य कारण है कि अमेरिकी मरे हुए इंडियन के मिथक को इतनी मजबूती से पकड़कर रखते हैं।

What really terrifies Americans is the prospect that the Indian is very much alive, that the Indian is having nine babies in Guatemala, and that those nine babies are headed this way. This is one reason why Americans hold on so dearly to the myth of the dead Indian.

What really terrifies Americans is the prospect that the Indian is very much alive, that the Indian is having nine babies in Guatemala, and that those nine babies are headed this way. This is one reason why Americans hold on so dearly to the myth of the dead Indian.

शिक्षा सामाजिक दूरियाँ पैदा कर सकती है। आपके अपने लोग खुद को खुलकर व्यक्त करने लगते हैं।

Learning can cause social fracture. Your people start expressing themselves.

Learning can cause social fracture. Your people start expressing themselves.

मानव का दुखी होना इस बात का प्रमाण है कि हम अमर हैं।

Human unhappiness is evidence of our immortality.

Human unhappiness is evidence of our immortality.

जब उस आयरिश नन ने मुझसे कहा, "अपना नाम ऊँचे और स्पष्ट स्वर में बोलो ताकि सभी लड़के-लड़कियाँ तुम्हें सुन सकें," तो वह मुझसे अजनबियों के सामने सार्वजनिक रूप से भाषा का उपयोग करने के लिए कह रही थी। एक शिक्षक के लिए यही उचित निर्देश है। इसके विपरीत, अगर वह मुझसे कहती, "अब हम स्पेनिश में बात करेंगे, बिल्कुल वैसे जैसे तुम घर पर करते हो। तुम मुझसे जो चाहो फुसफुसाकर कह सकते हो, और मैं तुम्हें एक लाड़ वाला नाम दूँगी, बिल्कुल तुम्हारी माँ की तरह," तो यह अनुचित होता। कक्षाओं का उद्देश्य अंतरंगता स्थापित करना नहीं है।

When the Irish nun said to me, "Speak your name loud and clear so that all the boys and girls can hear you," she was asking me to use language publicly, with strangers. That's the appropriate instruction for a teacher to give. If she were to say to me, "We are going to speak now in Spanish, just like you do at home. You can whisper anything you want to me, and I am going to call you by a nickname, just like your mother does," that would be inappropriate. Intimacy is not what classrooms are about.

When the Irish nun said to me, "Speak your name loud and clear so that all the boys and girls can hear you," she was asking me to use language publicly, with strangers. That's the appropriate instruction for a teacher to give. If she were to say to me, "We are going to speak now in Spanish, just like you do at home. You can whisper anything you want to me, and I am going to call you by a nickname, just like your mother does," that would be inappropriate. Intimacy is not what classrooms are about.

मिश्रित विवाहों (जाति-प्रजाति के मेल) के लिए अमेरिका के पास कभी कोई बहुत समृद्ध शब्दावली नहीं रही है। हम कहते हैं कि हमें विविधता पसंद है, लेकिन हमें यह विचार रास नहीं आता कि हमारा हिस्पैनिक पड़ोसी हमारी बेटी से विवाह करे। मिश्रित जातियों के लिए स्पेनिश जैसी शब्दावली अमेरिका में दूर-दूर तक नहीं मिलती। मुलाट्टो (अश्वेत और श्वेत की संतान), मेतिजो (श्वेत और मूल निवासी की संतान), क्रियोल - ये स्पेनिश और फ्रांसीसी शब्द इस बात का संकेत देते हैं कि जातियों का मिलना-जुलना जीवन की एक सच्चाई है। अमेरिका में तो केवल काला और गोरा होता है। अठारहवीं शताब्दी के अमेरिका में, यदि आपके शरीर में अफ्रीकी रक्त की एक भी बूँद होती, तो आपको काला मान लिया जाता था।

America has never had a very wide vocabulary for miscegenation. We say we like diversity, but we don't like the idea that our Hispanic neighbor is going to marry our daughter. America has nothing like the Spanish vocabulary for miscegenation. Mulatto, mestizo, Creole - these Spanish and French terms suggest, by their use, that miscegenation is a fact of life. America has only black and white. In eighteenth-century America, if you had any drop of African blood in you, you were black.

America has never had a very wide vocabulary for miscegenation. We say we like diversity, but we don't like the idea that our Hispanic neighbor is going to marry our daughter. America has nothing like the Spanish vocabulary for miscegenation. Mulatto, mestizo, Creole - these Spanish and French terms suggest, by their use, that miscegenation is a fact of life. America has only black and white. In eighteenth-century America, if you had any drop of African blood in you, you were black.

लेकिन जीवन की शुरुआत में ही मैं बहुसंख्यक संस्कृति का हिस्सा बन गया और अब खुद को अल्पसंख्यक नहीं मानता। फिर भी विश्वविद्यालय का कहना था कि मैं एक अल्पसंख्यक हूँ। आर्थिक अर्थों में - न कि केवल संख्या के आधार पर - किसी वास्तविक अल्पसंख्यक से मिलने वाला व्यक्ति ही यह समझ सकता है कि एक ऐसे नौजवान को, जो पहले से ही विश्वविद्यालय में है और इतालवी तथा अंग्रेजी पुनर्जागरण साहित्य के अध्ययन में गहराई से डूबा हुआ है, अल्पसंख्यक बताना कितना हास्यास्पद है।

But very early in life I became part of the majority culture and now don't think of myself as a minority. Yet the university said I was one. Anybody who has met a real minority - in the economic sense, not the numerical sense - would understand how ridiculous it is to describe a young man who is already at the university, already well into his studies in Italian and English Renaissance literature, as a minority.

But very early in life I became part of the majority culture and now don't think of myself as a minority. Yet the university said I was one. Anybody who has met a real minority - in the economic sense, not the numerical sense - would understand how ridiculous it is to describe a young man who is already at the university, already well into his studies in Italian and English Renaissance literature, as a minority.

द्विभाषी शिक्षा के पैरोकारों का कहना है कि बच्चे को उसी की पारिवारिक भाषा में पढ़ाना महत्वपूर्ण होता है। मेरा मानना है कि आपकक्षा के भीतर पारिवारिक भाषा का उपयोग नहीं कर सकते - कक्षा का मूल स्वरूप ही यह मांग करता है कि आप सार्वजनिक रूप से भाषा का प्रयोग करें।

Bilingual-education advocates say it's important to teach a child in his or her family's language. I say you can't use family language in the classroom - the very nature of the classroom requires that you use language publicly.

Bilingual-education advocates say it's important to teach a child in his or her family's language. I say you can't use family language in the classroom - the very nature of the classroom requires that you use language publicly.

उनके (एलजीबीटी समूह) लिए, भाषा का अर्थ वही होना चाहिए जो वह सीधे तौर पर कहती है। वे जानना चाहते थे, "आप गे होने पर गर्व क्यों महसूस नहीं करते? आप इतने उदास क्यों हैं? आप इतने रुग्ण क्यों दिखते हैं? आप इतने दुखी क्यों हैं? क्या आप नहीं समझते कि हम सब ठीक हैं? आइए इस सच्चाई का जश्न मनाएं।" लेकिन लेखक ऐसा नहीं करते। हम "ठीक होने" का जश्न नहीं मनाते। यदि आपको ठीक ही होना है, तो एस्पिरिन की गोली खा लीजिए।

For them [LGBT group], language has to say exactly what it means. "Why aren't you proud of being gay?" they wanted to know. "Why are you so dark? Why are you so morbid? Why are you so sad? Don't you realize, we're all okay? Let's celebrate that fact." But that is not what writers do. We don't celebrate being "okay." If you want to be okay, take an aspirin.

For them [LGBT group], language has to say exactly what it means. "Why aren't you proud of being gay?" they wanted to know. "Why are you so dark? Why are you so morbid? Why are you so sad? Don't you realize, we're all okay? Let's celebrate that fact." But that is not what writers do. We don't celebrate being "okay." If you want to be okay, take an aspirin.

अधिकांश अमेरिकी हिस्पैनिक भी किसी एक नस्ल से ताल्लुक नहीं रखते। मैं लगातार बच्चों से कहता रहता हूँ कि फॉर्म भरते समय उन्हें हर चीज़ के आगे "हाँ" लिख देना चाहिए - हाँ, मैं चीनी हूँ; हाँ, मैं अफ्रीकी हूँ; हाँ, मैं गोरा हूँ; हाँ, मैं प्रशांत द्वीपवासी हूँ; हाँ, हाँ, हाँ - ताकि उन नौकरशाहों को उलझन में डाला जा सके जो यह सोचते हैं कि हम एक-दूसरे से अलग-थलग रहते हैं।

Most American Hispanics don't belong to one race, either. I keep telling kids that, when filling out forms, they should put "yes" to everything - yes, I am Chinese; yes, I am African; yes, I am white; yes, I am a Pacific Islander; yes, yes, yes - just to befuddle the bureaucrats who think we live separately from one another.

Most American Hispanics don't belong to one race, either. I keep telling kids that, when filling out forms, they should put "yes" to everything - yes, I am Chinese; yes, I am African; yes, I am white; yes, I am a Pacific Islander; yes, yes, yes - just to befuddle the bureaucrats who think we live separately from one another.

मृत भारतीय (मूल निवासी) का मिथक अमेरिका की प्रोटेस्टेंट बस्तियों के समय से चला आ रहा है। तीर्थयात्री अमेरिका में एक नया जीवन शुरू करना चाहते थे। वे यह विश्वास करना चाहते थे कि किसी न किसी रूप में वे एक नए ईडन (स्वर्ग) में आ गए हैं और वे इतिहास को यूरोप में ही पीछे छोड़ सकते हैं। इसलिए उन्होंने खुद को यह विश्वास दिला लिया कि इस भूमि का कोई इतिहास नहीं है, कि यह एक "कुंवारी" (अछूती) भूमि है। इस सोच ने मूल अमेरिकियों (इंडियंस) की उपस्थिति को उनके लिए असुविधाजनक बना दिया।

The myth of the dead Indian goes back to the Protestant settlement of the U.S. The Pilgrims wanted to start a new life in America. They wanted to believe that in some sense they had come to a new Eden and that they could leave history behind in Europe. So they convinced themselves that this land had no history, that this was "virgin" land. This made the Indians' presence inconvenient.

The myth of the dead Indian goes back to the Protestant settlement of the U.S. The Pilgrims wanted to start a new life in America. They wanted to believe that in some sense they had come to a new Eden and that they could leave history behind in Europe. So they convinced themselves that this land had no history, that this was "virgin" land. This made the Indians' presence inconvenient.

मेक्सिको के महान संघवादी और पैरोकार जोस वास्कोनसेलोस ने एक बहुत ही सुंदर शब्द गढ़ा है, ला राजा कॉस्मिक, यानी "ब्रह्मांडीय नस्ल", एक ऐसा नया समाज जिसके खून में केवल एक नहीं बल्कि कई नस्लें शामिल हैं।

Jose Vasconcelos, Mexico's great federalist and apologist, has coined a wonderful term, la raza cósmica, "the cosmic race," a new people having not one race but many in their blood.

Jose Vasconcelos, Mexico's great federalist and apologist, has coined a wonderful term, la raza cósmica, "the cosmic race," a new people having not one race but many in their blood.

मेरी दादी हमेशा मुझसे कहती थीं कि मैं उन्हीं का हूँ, कि मैं मैक्सिकन हूँ। यही उनकी भूमिका थी। यह मेरे शिक्षक का काम नहीं था कि वे मुझे यह बताएं कि मैं मैक्सिकन हूँ। मेरे शिक्षक का काम तो मुझे यह बताना था कि मैं एक अमेरिकी हूँ।

My grandmother would always tell me that I was hers, that I was Mexican. That was her role. It was not my teacher's role to tell me I was Mexican. It was my teacher's role to tell me I was an American.

My grandmother would always tell me that I was hers, that I was Mexican. That was her role. It was not my teacher's role to tell me I was Mexican. It was my teacher's role to tell me I was an American.

जो लोग यह कहते हैं कि अमेरिका की सीमाएं सीमित हैं (या उसका अंत होने वाला है), वे किसी हद तक सही हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, पर्यावरण आंदोलन में एक गहरी समझ छिपी है: जितनी जरूरत हमें विकास करने की है, उतनी ही सुरक्षा करने, संरक्षण देने और आश्रय देने की भी है। लेकिन मुझे लगता है कि इसे हमेशा अतीत के उस आशावाद के साथ रखकर देखना चाहिए, जिसका प्रतिनिधित्व आज कुछ हद तक अप्रवासी करते हैं। मैं चाहता हूँ कि अमेरिका आशावाद और त्रासदी के बीच, संभावना और संदेह के बीच एक संतुलन स्थापित करे।

Those people who say that America is finite are some sense right. The environmental movement, for example, has a great wisdom to it: we need to protect, to preserve, to shelter as much as we need to develop. But I think this always has to be juxtaposed against the optimism of old, which is now represented in part by immigrants. I would like to see America achieve a kind of balance between optimism and tragedy, between possibility and skepticism.

Those people who say that America is finite are some sense right. The environmental movement, for example, has a great wisdom to it: we need to protect, to preserve, to shelter as much as we need to develop. But I think this always has to be juxtaposed against the optimism of old, which is now represented in part by immigrants. I would like to see America achieve a kind of balance between optimism and tragedy, between possibility and skepticism.

लेकिन कैलिफ़ोर्निया में उभर रहे कई नस्लीय तनावों का गोरों से कोई लेना-देना नहीं है: सैन फ्रांसिस्को के हाई स्कूलों में फिलीपिनी और सामोआ के लोग आपस में लड़ रहे हैं। मर्सिड शहर में मैक्सिकन और कंबोडियाई लोगों की बहुलता होती जा रही है। वे भले ही अभी गिरोह बनाकर लड़ रहे हों, लेकिन मुझे विश्वास है कि वे एक-दूसरे की भाषा भी सीख रहे होंगे।

But lots of emerging racial tensions in California have nothing to do with whites: Filipinos and Samoans are fighting it out in San Francisco high schools. Merced is becoming majority Mexican and Cambodian. They may be fighting in gangs right now, but I bet they are also learning each other's language.

But lots of emerging racial tensions in California have nothing to do with whites: Filipinos and Samoans are fighting it out in San Francisco high schools. Merced is becoming majority Mexican and Cambodian. They may be fighting in gangs right now, but I bet they are also learning each other's language.

मेरा चेहरा एक मूल अमेरिकी (इंडियन) जैसा था, लेकिन मैंने कभी खुद को इंडियन के रूप में नहीं देखा, आंशिक रूप से इसलिए क्योंकि अमेरिका में इंडियन का अस्तित्व ही खत्म हो चुका था। काउबॉय फिल्मों में इंडियंस को मार दिया जाता था, या वे ओक्लाहोमा में बिंगो खेल रहे होते थे। इसके अलावा, मेरे मध्यमवर्गीय मैक्सिकन परिवार में 'इंडिओ' एक गाली जैसा शब्द था, जिसे मेरे माता-पिता आज तक इस्तेमाल करने से कतराते हैं। ज़ाहिर है, यही एक कारण है कि मैं हमेशा अपनी जिद्दी और नटखट आदत के कारण जोर देकर कहता हूँ, सोय इंडिओ! - जिसका अर्थ है "मैं एक इंडियन हूँ!"

I had an Indian face, but I never saw it as Indian, in part because in America the Indian was dead. The Indian had been killed in cowboy movies, or was playing bingo in Oklahoma. Also, in my middle-class Mexican family indio was a bad word, one my parents shy away from to this day. That's one of the reasons, of course, why I always insist, in my bratty way, on saying, Soy indio! - "I am an Indian!"

I had an Indian face, but I never saw it as Indian, in part because in America the Indian was dead. The Indian had been killed in cowboy movies, or was playing bingo in Oklahoma. Also, in my middle-class Mexican family indio was a bad word, one my parents shy away from to this day. That's one of the reasons, of course, why I always insist, in my bratty way, on saying, Soy indio! - "I am an Indian!"

जब किसी समाज को यह समझ न आए कि अपने युवाओं के साथ क्या किया जाए, तो वह सचमुच भारी संकट में है। और जब युवा यह न समझ पाएं कि समाज के साथ क्या किया जाए - तो कम से कम, क्रांतियों की शुरुआत वहीं से होती है।

When a society doesn't know what to do with its young, it's in real trouble. When the young don't know what to do with society - at the very least, revolutions start there.

When a society doesn't know what to do with its young, it's in real trouble. When the young don't know what to do with society - at the very least, revolutions start there.

अचानक यह पूरी भूमि इन मृत इंडियंस की यादों से घिर सी गई है। दक्षिण-पश्चिम अमेरिका के प्रति एक नया आकर्षण पैदा हो गया है, सांता फ़े, न्यू मैक्सिको जैसे स्थानों के प्रति जहाँ लोग न्यूयॉर्क और बोस्टन से आकर इंडियंस की तरह कपड़े पहनते हैं। जब मैं सांता फ़े जाता हूँ, तो मुझे वहाँ असल इंडियंस रहते हुए मिलते हैं, लेकिन वे उस प्रकृति-पूजा में बिल्कुल दिलचस्पी नहीं रखते जिसके प्रति अमेरिकी पर्यावरणविद इतने मोहित हैं। इसके विपरीत, इनमें से कई इंडियंस इवेंजेलिकल ईसाई बनने में रुचि रखते हैं।

Suddenly the land is haunted by all these dead Indians. There is this new fascination with the Southwest, with places like Santa Fe, New Mexico, where people come down from New York and Boston and dress up as Indians. When I go to Santa Fe, I find real Indians living there, but they are not involved in the earth worship that the American environmentalists are so taken by. Many of these Indians are interested, rather, in becoming Evangelical Christians.

Suddenly the land is haunted by all these dead Indians. There is this new fascination with the Southwest, with places like Santa Fe, New Mexico, where people come down from New York and Boston and dress up as Indians. When I go to Santa Fe, I find real Indians living there, but they are not involved in the earth worship that the American environmentalists are so taken by. Many of these Indians are interested, rather, in becoming Evangelical Christians.

मेरा एक बहुत अच्छा अश्वेत मित्र है जो डॉक्टर है, लेकिन वह इसलिए डॉक्टर नहीं बना क्योंकि उसने दूसरे अश्वेत पुरुषों को डॉक्टर देखा था। वह इसलिए डॉक्टर बना क्योंकि उसकी माँ रात में दफ्तरों की इमारतें साफ करती थी, और इसलिए क्योंकि वह अपने बच्चों से बहुत प्यार करती थी। रात में दफ्तर साफ करते-करते उसकी टांगे मुड़ गई थीं (धनुषाकार हो गई थीं), और उसी संघर्ष के दौरान उसने अपने बेटे को साहस, बहादुरी और दूसरों के प्रति समर्पण का पाठ पढ़ाया था।

I have a good black friend who is a doctor, but he didn't become a doctor because he saw other black men who were doctors. He became a doctor because his mother cleaned office buildings at night, and because she loved her children. She grew bowlegged from cleaning office buildings at night, and in the process she taught him something about courage and bravery and dedication to others.

I have a good black friend who is a doctor, but he didn't become a doctor because he saw other black men who were doctors. He became a doctor because his mother cleaned office buildings at night, and because she loved her children. She grew bowlegged from cleaning office buildings at night, and in the process she taught him something about courage and bravery and dedication to others.

संस्कृतियाँ जब आपस में मिलती हैं, तो लोग चाहें या न चाहें, एक-दूसरे को प्रभावित करती हैं। लेकिन अमेरिकियों के पास इस छुपे हुए सिलसिले को बयां करने का कोई तरीका नहीं है जो पिछले दो सौ वर्षों से अधिक समय से चल रहा है। उदाहरण के लिए, अमेरिका में भारतीय (मूल निवासी) और अफ्रीकी लोगों का आपसी विवाह लगातार और पूरी तरह से होता रहा है। कॉलिन पॉवेल अपनी आत्मकथा में बताते हैं कि वह स्कॉटिश, आयरिश, अफ्रीकी, भारतीय और ब्रिटिश मूल के हैं, लेकिन हम सिर्फ इतना ही सुनते हैं कि वह अफ्रीकी हैं।

Cultures, when they meet, influence one another, whether people like it or not. But Americans don't have any way of describing this secret that has been going on for more than two hundred years. The intermarriage of the Indian and the African in America, for example, has been constant and thorough. Colin Powell tells us in his autobiography that he is Scotch, Irish, African, Indian, and British, but all we hear is that he is African.

Cultures, when they meet, influence one another, whether people like it or not. But Americans don't have any way of describing this secret that has been going on for more than two hundred years. The intermarriage of the Indian and the African in America, for example, has been constant and thorough. Colin Powell tells us in his autobiography that he is Scotch, Irish, African, Indian, and British, but all we hear is that he is African.

मेरे माता-पिता मैक्सिको से आए थे, जो मेरी कल्पना में एक छोटी सी यात्रा थी। मुझे ऐसा महसूस होता था जैसे मैं किसी कैरेमल की तरह मीठे, एक उल्टे ग्रह से आया हूँ, जिस पर अनानास जैसे गड्ढे बने हुए थे। हालांकि मेरा जन्म यहीं हुआ था, लेकिन मैं आईने के उस पार से आया था, बिल्कुल एलिस की तरह, हालांकि एलिस की तरह अकेला नहीं। शहर के केंद्र (डाउनटाउन) में मैंने बहुत से भूरे रंग के लोगों को देखा। बेंचों पर बैठे बूढ़े आदमी। फिलीपिनी लोगों की आँखें मारना। खेतों में काम करने वाले सिख सबसे रहस्यमयी भूरे लोग थे, जिनके सिर पगड़ियों से बंधे थे। वे गुलाब जैसे लोग थे। वे गुलाब की तरह दिखते थे।

My parents had come from Mexico, a short road in my imagination. I felt myself as coming from a caramelized planet, an upside-down planet, pineapple-cratered. Though I was born here, I came from the other side of the looking glass, as did Alice, though not alone like Alice. Downtown I saw lots of brown people. Old men on benches. Winks from Filipinos. Sikhs who worked in the fields were the most mysterious brown men, their heads wrapped in turbans. They were the rose men. They looked like roses.

My parents had come from Mexico, a short road in my imagination. I felt myself as coming from a caramelized planet, an upside-down planet, pineapple-cratered. Though I was born here, I came from the other side of the looking glass, as did Alice, though not alone like Alice. Downtown I saw lots of brown people. Old men on benches. Winks from Filipinos. Sikhs who worked in the fields were the most mysterious brown men, their heads wrapped in turbans. They were the rose men. They looked like roses.

मुझे अफसोस है कि मैं कभी एथलीट नहीं बन पाया। मुझे अफसोस है कि जीवन में समय कम पड़ जाता है। मुझे अफसोस है कि मेरे इतने सारे दोस्त अब इस दुनिया में नहीं हैं। मुझे अफसोस है कि जीवन के कुछ क्षणों में मैं साहसी नहीं बन पाया। मुझे अफसोस है कि मैं सुंदर नहीं हूँ। मुझे अफसोस है कि मेरी बातचीत ज्यादातर खुद से ही होती है। मैं इस दुनिया की बातचीत का हिस्सा नहीं हूँ।

I regret that I was never an athlete. I regret there isn't time in life. I regret that so many of my friends have died. I regret that I was not brave at certain times in my life. I regret that I'm not beautiful. I regret that my conversation is largely with myself. I'm not part of the conversation of the world.

I regret that I was never an athlete. I regret there isn't time in life. I regret that so many of my friends have died. I regret that I was not brave at certain times in my life. I regret that I'm not beautiful. I regret that my conversation is largely with myself. I'm not part of the conversation of the world.

यह बड़े आश्चर्य की बात है कि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और कनाडा दोनों यह मान लेते हैं कि विविधता का मतलब केवल नस्ल और जातीयता है। वे कभी यह नहीं सोचते कि इसका मतलब अधिक नाजी या अधिक सदर्न बैपटिस्ट भी हो सकता है। विविधता तो वह भी है, है ना?

It is very curious that the United States and Canada both assume that diversity means only race and ethnicity. They never assume it might mean more Nazis, or more Southern Baptists. That's diversity too, you know.

It is very curious that the United States and Canada both assume that diversity means only race and ethnicity. They never assume it might mean more Nazis, or more Southern Baptists. That's diversity too, you know.

मैं एक लेखक इसलिए नहीं बना कि मेरे पिता एक लेखक थे - मेरे पिता तो आजीविका के लिए कृत्रिम बत्तीसी (दांत) बनाते थे। मैं एक लेखक इसलिए बना क्योंकि जिन आयरिश नून (नन) ने मुझे पढ़ाया था, उन्होंने मुझे अपना सब कुछ देने की अपनी इच्छा के जरिए बहादुरी का एक पाठ पढ़ाया था।

I became a writer not because my father was one - my father made false teeth for a living. I became a writer because the Irish nuns who educated me taught me something about bravery with their willingness to give so much to me.

I became a writer not because my father was one - my father made false teeth for a living. I became a writer because the Irish nuns who educated me taught me something about bravery with their willingness to give so much to me.

जहाँ तक मैं समझ पाता हूँ, मैक्सिकन होने और चीनी होने में अंतर यह है कि जब आप किसी चीनी परिवार से हार्वर्ड जाते हैं, तो पूरा परिवार हार्वर्ड जाता है। लेकिन जब आप मैक्सिकन होते हैं और हार्वर्ड जाते हैं, तो आप अपने परिवार को धोखा दे रहे होते हैं।

The difference between being Mexican and being Chinese, as I can see it, is that when you go to Harvard from a Chinese family, the whole family goes to Harvard. When you're a Mexican and you go to Harvard, you betray the family.

The difference between being Mexican and being Chinese, as I can see it, is that when you go to Harvard from a Chinese family, the whole family goes to Harvard. When you're a Mexican and you go to Harvard, you betray the family.

सकारात्मक कार्रवाई (अफ़रमेटिव एक्शन) हमारे समाज के वास्तविक अल्पसंख्यकों - यानी वंचित वर्ग के लोगों - की उपेक्षा करती है, चाहे उनकी नस्ल कोई भी हो। हमारे अंदर नौकरशाही की एक ऐसी हास्यास्पद सोच है जो यह मानती है कि कुछ खास नस्लीय समूह, उनकी आर्थिक स्थिति की परवाह किए बिना, अल्पसंख्यक हैं। नतीजतन, सीढ़ी के सबसे ऊंचे पायदान पर बैठे उन तथाकथित "अल्पसंख्यकों" को ही हर चीज के लिए चुन लिया जाता है।

Affirmative action ignores our society's real minorities - members of the disadvantaged classes, no matter what their race. We have this ludicrous bureaucratic sense that certain racial groups, regardless of class, are minorities. So what happens is those "minorities" at the very top of the ladder get chosen for everything.

Affirmative action ignores our society's real minorities - members of the disadvantaged classes, no matter what their race. We have this ludicrous bureaucratic sense that certain racial groups, regardless of class, are minorities. So what happens is those "minorities" at the very top of the ladder get chosen for everything.

मैं बार-बार लोगों को यह समझाने की कोशिश करता हूँ कि लॉस एंजिल्स पहले से ही अमेरिका का सबसे बड़ा 'इंडियन' (मूल निवासी) शहर है, कि वहाँ पासाडेना में लिटिल लीग बेसबॉल खेलते हुए टॉलटेक, वेस्टवुड के मैरियट होटल में बिस्तर ठीक करते हुए माया और एल.ए. में बसें चलाते हुए चिचिमेक लोग मौजूद हैं। लॉस एंजिल्स वास्तव में बहुसंख्यक इंडियन आबादी वाला शहर है।

I keep trying to tell people that Los Angeles is already the largest Indian city in the U.S., that there are Toltecs playing Little League baseball in Pasadena, Mayans making beds at the Marriott in Westwood, and Chichimecs driving buses in L.A. Los Angeles is a majority-Indian city.

I keep trying to tell people that Los Angeles is already the largest Indian city in the U.S., that there are Toltecs playing Little League baseball in Pasadena, Mayans making beds at the Marriott in Westwood, and Chichimecs driving buses in L.A. Los Angeles is a majority-Indian city.

इंडियंस को या तो मौत के घाट उतार दिया जाना था, या फिर उन्हें घेरकर ऐसी बस्तियों में धकेल देना था जो मूल रूप से नजरबंद शिविर (कंसंट्रेशन कैंप) थीं, और फिर उन्हें भुला देना था। उनके इतिहास को पूरी तरह से मिटाना जरूरी था ताकि हम यह विश्वास कर सकें कि हम एक अछूती (कुंवारी) भूमि पर रह रहे हैं।

The Indians had to be either killed, or herded into reservations, which were essentially concentration camps, and forgotten. Their history had to be absolutely obliterated so that we could believe that we were living on virgin soil.

The Indians had to be either killed, or herded into reservations, which were essentially concentration camps, and forgotten. Their history had to be absolutely obliterated so that we could believe that we were living on virgin soil.

अंतरंगता शब्दों में कैद नहीं होती। वह शब्दों के पार जाती है। वह बह जाती है। सच तो यह है कि अंतरंग लोग कमरा छोड़कर चले जाते हैं। दरवाजे बंद हो जाते हैं। चेहरे खिड़की से दूर हो जाते हैं। समय बीत जाता है। आवाजें अंधेरे में कहीं खो जाती हैं। और अंत में मौत आवाज़ को हमेशा के लिए शांत कर देती है। इस सच्चाई को झुठलाने का कोई उपाय नहीं है। भीड़ के बीच खड़े होकर अपनी पारिवारिक भाषा में कुछ भी बुदबुदाने का कोई रास्ता नहीं बचता।

Intimacy is not trapped within words. It passes through words. It passes. The truth is that intimates leave the room. Doors close. Faces move away from the window. Time passes. Voices recede into the dark. Death finally quiets the voice. And there is no way to deny it. No way to stand in the crowd, uttering one's family language.

Intimacy is not trapped within words. It passes through words. It passes. The truth is that intimates leave the room. Doors close. Faces move away from the window. Time passes. Voices recede into the dark. Death finally quiets the voice. And there is no way to deny it. No way to stand in the crowd, uttering one's family language.

साठ के दशक के बाद से विश्वविद्यालय इतने रूढ़ और बेजान हो गए हैं। विश्वविद्यालय में ऐसी अनगिनत चीजें हैं जो आप नहीं कर सकते। आप यह नहीं कह सकते, आप वह नहीं कर सकते, आप यह नहीं सोच सकते, और इसी तरह की तमाम पाबंदियां हैं। कई मायनों में, मैं बौद्धिक रूप से जितना चाहें उतना स्वतंत्र रूप से घूमने के लिए इसलिए आजाद हूँ क्योंकि मैं किसी विश्वविद्यालय में नहीं हूँ। वे तंग करने वाले चicano (मेक्सिकन-अमेरिकी) हर वक्त मेरे पीछे पड़े रहते। आप तो जानते ही हैं: "कल हमने तुम्हारा लेख पढ़ा, और जो तुमने कहा वह हमें पसंद नहीं आया," या, "तुम उतने खुश नहीं लगे," या, "तुम में उतना गर्व नहीं झलका।"

The university has become so stultified since the sixties. There is so much you can't do at the university. You can't say this, you can't do that, you can't think this, and so forth. In many ways, I'm free to range as widely as I do intellectually precisely because I'm not at a university. The tiresome Chicanos would be after me all the time. You know: "We saw your piece yesterday, and we didn't like what you said," or, "You didn't sound happy enough," or, "You didn't sound proud enough."

The university has become so stultified since the sixties. There is so much you can't do at the university. You can't say this, you can't do that, you can't think this, and so forth. In many ways, I'm free to range as widely as I do intellectually precisely because I'm not at a university. The tiresome Chicanos would be after me all the time. You know: "We saw your piece yesterday, and we didn't like what you said," or, "You didn't sound happy enough," or, "You didn't sound proud enough."

अल्पसंख्यक होने का क्या अर्थ है, इस बात को लेकर मेरे मन में भारी उलझन और बेचैनी थी। मेरे प्रोफेसर - वही लोग जिन्होंने मुझे भाषा की बारीकियां सिखाई थीं - इस मुद्दे से कतराते थे। वे इस बारे में बात ही नहीं करना चाहते थे, सिवाय इसके कि वे यह सुझाव देते कि मैं अन्य हिस्पैनिक्स के लिए एक "रोल मॉडल" बन सकता हूँ - जब मैं अपने मोहल्ले (बैरियो) में वापस जाऊँगा, शायद तब।

I had all this anxiety about what it meant to be a minority. My professors - the same men who taught me the intricacies of language - just shied away from the issue. They didn't want to talk about it, other than to suggest I could be a "role model" to other Hispanics - when I went back to my barrio, I suppose.

I had all this anxiety about what it meant to be a minority. My professors - the same men who taught me the intricacies of language - just shied away from the issue. They didn't want to talk about it, other than to suggest I could be a "role model" to other Hispanics - when I went back to my barrio, I suppose.

मुझे लगता है कि एक मैक्सिकन के लिए यह कहना बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है, खासकर चियापास के विद्रोह के बाद से। मेक्सिको को अपने इंडियन चेहरे का सामना करना ही होगा, फिर भी वह इससे मुंह चुराती है। जब आप मैक्सिकन टेलीविजन चालू करते हैं, तो ऐसा लगता है जैसे आप स्वीडिश टीवी देख रहे हों: वहाँ हर कोई गोरा नजर आता है।

I think it's an important thing for a Mexican to say, especially now with the rebellion in Chiapas. Mexico has to confront her Indian face, and yet she refuses to do so. When you turn on Mexican television, it's like watching Swedish TV: everyone is blond.

I think it's an important thing for a Mexican to say, especially now with the rebellion in Chiapas. Mexico has to confront her Indian face, and yet she refuses to do so. When you turn on Mexican television, it's like watching Swedish TV: everyone is blond.

بلاشبہ، سان ڈیاگو ان دونوں شہروں کو ایک ماننے سے گریز کرتا ہے۔ الٹر ایگو کی بات کریں تو تیخوانا سان ڈیاگو کی ہوس کی پیداوار تھا۔ جو کچھ سان ڈیاگو میں غیر قانونی تھا، وہ تیخوانا میں جائز تھا۔ جب سان ڈیاگو میں باکسنگ غیر قانونی تھی، تو تیخوانا میں باکسنگ کے مقابلے ہوتے تھے؛ جب جوا کھیلنا ممنوع تھا، تب بھی تیخوانا ہمیشہ موجود رہتا تھا۔

Of course, San Diego chooses not to regard the two cities as one. Talk about alter ego: Tijuana was created by the lust of San Diego. Everything that was illegal in San Diego was permitted in Tijuana. When boxing was illegal in San Diego, there were boxing matches in Tijuana; when gambling was illegal, there was always Tijuana.

Of course, San Diego chooses not to regard the two cities as one. Talk about alter ego: Tijuana was created by the lust of San Diego. Everything that was illegal in San Diego was permitted in Tijuana. When boxing was illegal in San Diego, there were boxing matches in Tijuana; when gambling was illegal, there was always Tijuana.

ایک بار مجھے کچھ ہم جنس پرست کارکنوں کی طرف سے مشکل کا سامنا کرنا پڑا کیونکہ میں کافی حد تک ہم جنس پرست نہیں ہوں! میں ایک اداس ہم جنس پرست ہوں۔ میں مایوس طبع ہوں۔ 'ہم جنس پرست' وہ آخری صفت ہے جو میں اپنے لیے استعمال کروں گا۔ ہم جنس پرست ہونے کا خیال، کسی چھوٹی سی پھُلجھڑی کی طرح، میرے ذہن میں کبھی نہیں آتا۔ لہذا اگر آپ مجھ سے پوچھیں کہ کیا میں ہم جنس پرست ہوں، تو میرا جواب نا ہوں گا۔

I've once gotten in trouble with certain gay activists because I'm not gay enough! I am a morose homosexual. I'm melancholy. Gay is the last adjective I would use to describe myself. The idea of being gay, like a little sparkler, never occurs to me. So if you ask me if I'm gay, I say no.

I've once gotten in trouble with certain gay activists because I'm not gay enough! I am a morose homosexual. I'm melancholy. Gay is the last adjective I would use to describe myself. The idea of being gay, like a little sparkler, never occurs to me. So if you ask me if I'm gay, I say no.

اب ہمارے ہاں یہ سوچ پیدا ہو گئی ہے کہ آپ نہ صرف اپنے خاندان کی زبان سیکھنے کے لیے پہلی جماعت میں جاتے ہیں، بلکہ آپ اس شخص کے بارے میں جاننے کے لیے یونیورسٹی جاتے ہیں جو آپ گھر سے نکلنے سے پہلے تھے۔

Now we have this idea that, not only do you go to first grade to learn your family's language, but you go to a university to learn about the person you were before you left home.

Now we have this idea that, not only do you go to first grade to learn your family's language, but you go to a university to learn about the person you were before you left home.

ساکرامینٹو میں، میرا سانولہ پن سیاہ اور سفید کے بالکل درمیان کا نہیں تھا۔ شہر کے مشرقی حصے کی ہریالی سے بھری سڑکوں پر، جہاں میرا خاندان رہتا تھا، جہاں کوئی ایشیائی نہیں بستا تھا، جہاں کوئی سیاہ فام نہیں رہتا تھا، وہاں میرے خاندان کے میکسیکی رنگ مختلف روپ دھارے ہوئے تھے۔

In Sacramento, my brown was not halfway between black and white. On the leafy streets, on the east side of town, where my family lived, where Asians did not live, where Negroes did not live, my family's Mexican shades passed as various.

In Sacramento, my brown was not halfway between black and white. On the leafy streets, on the east side of town, where my family lived, where Asians did not live, where Negroes did not live, my family's Mexican shades passed as various.

میکسیکو میرے لیے میرے والد کی مسکراہٹ تھا، اور جیسا کہ آپ شاید سوچیں، نہ کہ زبان اور نہ ہی رنگ۔

Mexico was most powerfully my father's smile and not, as you might otherwise imagine, not language, not pigment.

Mexico was most powerfully my father's smile and not, as you might otherwise imagine, not language, not pigment.

افریقی نژاد امریکی مصنف کی جو پہلی کتاب میں نے پڑھی، وہ کارل ٹی. روآن کی آپ بیتی "گو ساؤتھ ٹو سارو" تھی۔ وہ مجھے پانچویں جماعت کے کلاس روم کے آخری حصے میں رکھی الماری میں ملی، جو کہ بڑوں کی ایک کتاب تھی۔ مجھے وہ صبح اچھی طرح یاد ہے جب میں نے اسے پڑھا تھا۔ جنوری کی ایک دھوپ والی صبح تھی، ہفتے کا دن تھا، سرد، شاندار اور ویران۔ میں پیلے رنگ کے بیڈروم میں فرش پر بنے ہیٹر کی جالی کے پاس دھوپ کے ایک دائرے میں بیٹھا تھا۔ اور جیسے جیسے میں پڑھتا گیا، مجھے گرمی، سکون اور امید کا احساس ہونے لگا۔ اس بات نے مجھے اپنے سکون کا اور زیادہ احساس دلایا کہ دوسرے لوگ پرسکون نہیں ہیں، اور نہ ہی انہیں سکون میسر ہے۔ کارل روآن جب میری عمر کے تھے تو انہیں بھی سکون حاصل نہیں تھا۔

The first book by an African American I read was Carl T. Rowan's memoir, Go South to Sorrow. I found it on the bookshelf at the back of my fifth-grade classroom, an adult book. I can remember the quality of the morning on which I read. It was a sunlit morning in January, a Saturday morning, cold, high, empty. I sat in a rectangle of sunlight, near the grate of the floor heater in the yellow bedroom. And as I read, I became aware of warmth and comfort and optimism. I was made aware of my comfort by the knowledge that others were not, are not, comforted. Carl Rowan at my age was not comforted.

The first book by an African American I read was Carl T. Rowan's memoir, Go South to Sorrow. I found it on the bookshelf at the back of my fifth-grade classroom, an adult book. I can remember the quality of the morning on which I read. It was a sunlit morning in January, a Saturday morning, cold, high, empty. I sat in a rectangle of sunlight, near the grate of the floor heater in the yellow bedroom. And as I read, I became aware of warmth and comfort and optimism. I was made aware of my comfort by the knowledge that others were not, are not, comforted. Carl Rowan at my age was not comforted.

امریکہ میں اوسط عمر اب تینتیس سال ہے، جب کہ میکسیکو دن بہ دن جوان تر ہوتا جا رہا ہے، اور مزید گہرائی میں نو عمر کی طرف سمٹتا جا رہا ہے۔ میکسیکو پندرہ سال کا ہے۔ میکسیکو نے ہارڈ راک کیفے کی ٹی شرٹ پہن رکھی ہے اور تیخوانا کی گلیوں میں نوکری، کسی ملاقات، یا چہرے کے کیل مہاسوں کو چھپانے کے لیے کسی چیز کی تلاش میں گھوم رہا ہے۔

The average age in the U.S. is now thirty-three, whereas Mexico gets younger and younger, retreats deeper and deeper into adolescence. Mexico is fifteen. Mexico is wearing a Hard Rock Cafe T-shirt and wandering around Tijuana looking for a job, for a date, for something to put on her face to take care of the acne.

The average age in the U.S. is now thirty-three, whereas Mexico gets younger and younger, retreats deeper and deeper into adolescence. Mexico is fifteen. Mexico is wearing a Hard Rock Cafe T-shirt and wandering around Tijuana looking for a job, for a date, for something to put on her face to take care of the acne.

تم میکسیکو کو نہیں جانتے، یار۔ تم نے میکسیکو کو بہت حقیر سمجھ لیا ہے۔ تم میکسیکو کے بارے میں بالکل نادان ہو اگر یہ سمجھتے ہو کہ میکسیکو صرف پانچ گلیوں کا نام ہے۔ وہ میکسیکو نہیں ہے؛ وہ کوئی گھٹیا امریکی سوچ ہے جو تم نے اپنا رکھی ہے۔

You don't know Mexico, man. You have trivialized Mexico. You are a fool about Mexico if you think that Mexico is five blocks. That is not Mexico; that is some crude Americanism you have absorbed.

You don't know Mexico, man. You have trivialized Mexico. You are a fool about Mexico if you think that Mexico is five blocks. That is not Mexico; that is some crude Americanism you have absorbed.

ہم پیچیدگیوں کو دیکھ رہے ہیں۔ ہم بیورلی ہلز کے ان گورے بچوں کو دیکھ رہے ہیں جو روانی سے ہسپانوی بولتے ہیں کیونکہ ان کی پرورش گواتیمالا کی آیاؤں نے کی ہے۔ ہم لاطینی امریکہ سے آنے والے ان ایوینجیلیکلز کو دیکھ رہے ہیں جو امریکہ کو عیسائی بنانا چاہتے ہیں، جبکہ دوسری طرف لاس اینجلس کے فلمی ستارے ہندوستانی پنتھ ازم اپنا رہے ہیں۔

We're looking at complexity. We're looking at blond kids in Beverley Hills who can speak Spanish because they have been raised by Guatemalan nannies. We're looking at Evangelicals coming up from Latin America to convert the U.S. at the same time that L.A. movie stars are taking up Indian pantheism.

We're looking at complexity. We're looking at blond kids in Beverley Hills who can speak Spanish because they have been raised by Guatemalan nannies. We're looking at Evangelicals coming up from Latin America to convert the U.S. at the same time that L.A. movie stars are taking up Indian pantheism.

امریکہ میں آپ دو طریقوں سے بولنا سیکھتے ہیں۔ آپ عوامی گفتگو میں اپنے مذہبی عقائد کے بارے میں زیادہ واضح نہ ہونا سیکھتے ہیں۔ یا پھر، اگر ہم اس پر بات کریں بھی، تو ہم اس کا کوئی ایسا سیکولر طریقہ نکال لیتے ہیں جو بے دین لوگوں کے لیے ناگوار نہ گزرے۔ یوں آپ زندگی میں ان متضاد آوازوں کے ساتھ آگے بڑھتے ہیں۔

You learn in America to speak two ways. You learn in public discourse not to be very specific about your religious life. Or, if we talk about it, we'll find a secular way of doing it that will not be offensive to people of non-belief. So, that you go through life with these alternate voices.

You learn in America to speak two ways. You learn in public discourse not to be very specific about your religious life. Or, if we talk about it, we'll find a secular way of doing it that will not be offensive to people of non-belief. So, that you go through life with these alternate voices.

پچھلی ایک نسل میں جو تبدیلی آئی ہے وہ یہ ہے کہ تیخوانا تیسری دنیا کا ایک نیا دارالحکومت بن گیا ہے — جو کہ میکسیکو سٹی کے لیے سخت پریشانی کا باعث ہے، کیونکہ وہ اس بات سے بخوبی آگاہ ہے کہ سیاسی اور ثقافتی طور پر اس کا تیخوانا پر کتنا کم کنٹرول رہ گیا ہے۔ کوٹھےخانوں اور ڈسکو کلبوں کے علاوہ، تیخوانا میں اب کوریائی فیکٹریاں، جاپانی صنعت کار، وسطی امریکہ کے مہاجرین، اور ایک نیا میکسیکی متوسط طبقہ موجود ہے جو کیبل ٹیلی ویژن سے سبق سیکھتا ہے۔

What has happened in the last generation is that Tijuana has become a new Third World capital - much to the chagrin of Mexico City, which is more and more aware of how little it controls Tijuana politically and culturally. In addition to whorehouses and discos, Tijuana now has Korean factories and Japanese industrialists and Central American refugees, and a new Mexican bourgeoisie that takes its lessons from cable television.

What has happened in the last generation is that Tijuana has become a new Third World capital - much to the chagrin of Mexico City, which is more and more aware of how little it controls Tijuana politically and culturally. In addition to whorehouses and discos, Tijuana now has Korean factories and Japanese industrialists and Central American refugees, and a new Mexican bourgeoisie that takes its lessons from cable television.

بلاشبہ، چونکہ ہم سرخ فام (انڈین) کو ایک زندہ انسان کے طور پر نہیں دیکھتے — کیونکہ ہم نے اسے ماحولیاتی تحریک کے ایک ماسکاٹ یا قبل از تاریخ کی علامت میں بدل دیا ہے — اس لیے ہم اپنے اردگرد سرخ فام کو دیکھ ہی نہیں سکتے۔

Of course, since we don't see the Indian as a living figure - having turned the Indian into a kind of mascot for the ecology movement, a symbol of prehistory - we can't see the Indian among us.

Of course, since we don't see the Indian as a living figure - having turned the Indian into a kind of mascot for the ecology movement, a symbol of prehistory - we can't see the Indian among us.

میرا ماننا ہے کہ یونیورسٹیوں نے عموماً دانشوروں کو اپنے رنگ میں رنگ لیا ہے۔ لیکن اب واشنگٹن کے تھنک ٹینکس سے دانشوروں کا ایک نیا طبقہ ابھر رہا ہے۔ کچھ لوگ یونیورسٹیاں چھوڑ کر حکومت یا تھنک ٹینکس میں کام کر رہے ہیں، صرف آزادی کی تلاش میں۔

I think the universities have co-opted the intellectual, by and large. But there is an emerging intellectual set coming out of Washington think tanks now. There are people who are leaving the universities and working for the government or in think tanks, simply looking for freedom.

I think the universities have co-opted the intellectual, by and large. But there is an emerging intellectual set coming out of Washington think tanks now. There are people who are leaving the universities and working for the government or in think tanks, simply looking for freedom.

جب "ڈیز آف اوبلیگیشن" کا دوسرا باب ہارپرز میں شائع ہوا، جو کہ ایڈز کی وجہ سے مرنے والے میرے ایک دوست کے بارے میں ہے، تو مجھے ایک ہم جنس پرست گروپ کی طرف سے ایک خاصی غصے سے بھری چٹھی ملی جو اس رسینے کے خلاف احتجاج منظم کر رہا تھا۔ یہ وہی پرانی مصیبت تھی: سیاسی گروپوں میں تنقید یا طنز کو سمجھنے کی صلاحیت بالکل نہیں ہوتی۔

After the second chapter of Days of Obligation, which is about the death of a friend of mine from AIDS, was published in Harper's, I got this rather angry letter from a gay-and-lesbian group that was organizing a protest against the magazine. It was the same old problem: political groups have almost no sense of irony.

After the second chapter of Days of Obligation, which is about the death of a friend of mine from AIDS, was published in Harper's, I got this rather angry letter from a gay-and-lesbian group that was organizing a protest against the magazine. It was the same old problem: political groups have almost no sense of irony.

کچھ طریقوں سے میں خود کو زیادہ چینی سمجھتا ہوں، کیونکہ میں سان فرانسسکو میں رہتا ہوں، جو ایک ایسا شہر بنتا جا رہا ہے جہاں زیادہ تر آبادی ایشیائی ہے۔ میں اس سیاہ و سفید کی کشمکش میں پڑنے سے گریز کرتا ہوں جس میں پورا امریکہ اب بھی پھنسا ہوا لگتا ہے۔ میں نے ہمیشہ یہ تسلیم کیا ہے کہ ایک امریکی کی حیثیت سے، میرا دنیا کے دوسرے حصوں کے ساتھ تعلق ہے؛ مجھے بحر الکاہل اور ایشیا کے تناظر میں خود کو پرکھنا پڑتا ہے۔ افق کے اس تناظر میں خود کو سوچنے پر مجبور ہونے نے مجھے سیاہ و سفید کے اس چکور دائرے سے آزاد کر دیا ہے۔

In some ways I consider myself more Chinese, because I live in San Francisco, which is becoming a predominantly Asian city. I avoid falling into the black-and-white dialectic in which most of America still seems trapped. I have always recognized that, as an American, I am in relationship with other parts of the world; that I have to measure myself against the Pacific, against Asia. Having to think of myself in relationship to that horizon has liberated me from the black-and-white checkerboard.

In some ways I consider myself more Chinese, because I live in San Francisco, which is becoming a predominantly Asian city. I avoid falling into the black-and-white dialectic in which most of America still seems trapped. I have always recognized that, as an American, I am in relationship with other parts of the world; that I have to measure myself against the Pacific, against Asia. Having to think of myself in relationship to that horizon has liberated me from the black-and-white checkerboard.

میں لوگوں کی خیالی دنیا کی نفی نہیں کرتا، لیکن میرا پرزور ماننا ہے کہ ہمیں یہ سمجھنے کی سخت ضرورت ہے کہ امریکہ میں ہماری حقیقت کتنی پیچیدہ ہے۔ ٹی وی کے کامیڈی شوز ہمیں یہ سب نہیں دکھاتے۔

I don't deny people their fantasy life, but I do think that we desperately need to start realizing just how complicated our reality is in America. Sitcoms just don't show us that.

I don't deny people their fantasy life, but I do think that we desperately need to start realizing just how complicated our reality is in America. Sitcoms just don't show us that.

میرے فیصلے کی چنگاری افیمیٹیو ایکشن (امتیازی سلوک کے خاتمے کی پالیسی) سے اٹھی تھی۔ میری زندگی میں ایک ایسا وقت بھی تھا جب افیمیٹیو ایکشن میرے لیے بہت معنی رکھتا تھا — جب میرا خاندان مزدور طبقے سے تھا، اور ہم جدوجہد کر رہے تھے۔

My decision was sparked by affirmative action. There was a point in my life when affirmative action would have meant something to me - when my family was working-class, and we were struggling.

My decision was sparked by affirmative action. There was a point in my life when affirmative action would have meant something to me - when my family was working-class, and we were struggling.

میرے لیے، تنوع کوئی قدر نہیں۔ تنوع وہ ہے جو آپ کو شمالی آئرلینڈ میں ملتا ہے۔ تنوع بیروت ہے۔ تنوع بھائی کا بھائی کو قتل کرنا ہے۔ جہاں تنوع مشترک ہو — جہاں میں آپ کے ساتھ اپنا فرق بانٹتا ہوں — وہ قیمتی ہو سکتا ہے۔ لیکن محض یہ حقیقت کہ ہم ایک دوسرے سے مختلف ہیں، ایک خوفناک خیال ہے۔ میں اکثر ایسے غیر ملکی ماحول میں رہا ہوں جہاں مجھے اچانک احساس ہوا کہ میں اپنے اردگرد کے لوگوں جیسا نہیں ہوں۔ میرے لیے یہ کوئی خوشگوار انکشاف نہیں ہے۔

For me, diversity is not a value. Diversity is what you find in Northern Ireland. Diversity is Beirut. Diversity is brother killing brother. Where diversity is shared - where I share with you my difference - that can be valuable. But the simple fact that we are unlike each other is a terrifying notion. I have often found myself in foreign settings where I became suddenly aware that I was not like the people around me. That, to me, is not a pleasant discovery.

For me, diversity is not a value. Diversity is what you find in Northern Ireland. Diversity is Beirut. Diversity is brother killing brother. Where diversity is shared - where I share with you my difference - that can be valuable. But the simple fact that we are unlike each other is a terrifying notion. I have often found myself in foreign settings where I became suddenly aware that I was not like the people around me. That, to me, is not a pleasant discovery.

یہ کوئی تعجب کی بات نہیں ہے کہ جس وقت امریکی یونیورسٹیوں نے تنوع کے لیے سنجیدہ عزم کا اظہار کیا ہے، وہیں وہ فکری جیلیں بھی بن چکی ہیں۔ ہم کسی حقیقی معنوں میں تنوع کی بات نہیں کر رہے ہیں۔ ہم ایک ہی سیاسی نظریے کے بھورے، کالے اور سفید روپوں کی بات کر رہے ہیں۔

It's no surprise that at the same time that American universities have engaged in a serious commitment to diversity, they have been thought-prisons. We are not talking about diversity in any real way. We are talking about brown, black, white versions of the same political ideology.

It's no surprise that at the same time that American universities have engaged in a serious commitment to diversity, they have been thought-prisons. We are not talking about diversity in any real way. We are talking about brown, black, white versions of the same political ideology.

یہ سوچ کہ آپ اپنے بارے میں ذاتی معلومات حاصل کرنے کے لیے کسی عوامی ادارے میں جاتے ہیں، سراسر حماقت ہے۔ ہم یہ بات سمجھتے تھے کہ جب طلباء یونیورسٹیوں میں جاتے تھے، تو وہ کثیر الثقافتی بن جاتے تھے۔ وہ اپنے محلوں سے باہر جا رہے ہوتے تھے۔

The notion that you go to a public institution in order to learn private information about yourself is absurd. We used to understand that when students went to universities, they would become cosmopolitan. They were leaving their neighborhoods.

The notion that you go to a public institution in order to learn private information about yourself is absurd. We used to understand that when students went to universities, they would become cosmopolitan. They were leaving their neighborhoods.

میکسیکو جنس ہے اور کندا عقل ہے۔ کینیڈا میں بہت سی ایسی چیزیں ہیں جن کی میں تعریف کرتا ہوں — مثلاً تارکین وطن کے ساتھ اس کا سلوک، خاص طور پر حالیہ خانہ جنگیوں کے دوران وسطی امریکہ سے آنے والوں کے ساتھ۔ لیکن وہاں ابہام بھی موجود ہے: میں ایسے کروشین نازیوں کو جانتا ہوں جنہیں کینیڈین حکومت کی طرف سے ان کی نسلی ثقافت کو برقرار رکھنے کے لیے مالی امداد ملتی ہے۔ کینیڈا میں یہ سب کچھ موجود ہے، جو یہ جانے بغیر کہ وہ کیا کر رہا ہے، تنوع کو برقرار رکھنے کی کوشش کر رہا ہے۔

Mexico is sex and Canada is mind. There is much about Canada that I find admirable - the treatment of immigrants, for example, particularly those from Central America during the recent civil wars there. But there is confusion too: I know of Croatian Nazis who are subsidized by the Canadian government to maintain their racist culture. There is Canada, trying to sustain diversity without knowing exactly what it's doing.

Mexico is sex and Canada is mind. There is much about Canada that I find admirable - the treatment of immigrants, for example, particularly those from Central America during the recent civil wars there. But there is confusion too: I know of Croatian Nazis who are subsidized by the Canadian government to maintain their racist culture. There is Canada, trying to sustain diversity without knowing exactly what it's doing.

مجھے لاس اینڈجلس بہت دلچسپ لگتا ہے، جزوی طور پر اس لیے کہ میرا خیال ہے وہاں کچھ نیا بن رہا ہے، لیکن اچھے تعلقات کے کسی ایسے لمحے میں نہیں جیسا کہ آپ تنوع کے اس تمام ڈھونگ سے سوچ سکتے ہیں۔ ایسا نہیں ہے کہ ہم سب اپنی روایتی پوشاکوں میں سوکک سینٹر جائیں گے اور ناچیں گے۔

I find L.A. very interesting, partly because I think something new is forming there, but not in a moment of good fellowship as you might think from all this "diversity" claptrap. It's not as if we'll all go down to the Civic Center in our ethnic costumes and dance around.

I find L.A. very interesting, partly because I think something new is forming there, but not in a moment of good fellowship as you might think from all this "diversity" claptrap. It's not as if we'll all go down to the Civic Center in our ethnic costumes and dance around.

ہنری فورڈ نے صرف سسرال والوں سے دور جانے کا کوئی سستا ذریعہ ایجاد نہیں کیا تھا؛ وہ بنیادی طور پر یہ سمجھ گیا تھا کہ ہمارے ثقافتی مزاج میں کچھ ایسا ہے جو حرکت میں رہنا چاہتا ہے، جو باہر نکلنا چاہتا ہے۔

Henry Ford didn't just create a cheap way of getting away from your in-laws; he basically understood that there was something in us as a culture that wanted to be on the move, that wanted to get out.

Henry Ford didn't just create a cheap way of getting away from your in-laws; he basically understood that there was something in us as a culture that wanted to be on the move, that wanted to get out.

میرا تعلق سفید فام متوسط طبقے کے محلے سے تھا۔ کیا مجھ سے یہ توقع کی جاتی تھی کہ میں وہاں واپس جاؤں گا اور پڑوس میں رہنے والی خاتون کو نشاۃ ثانیہ (Renaissance) کی نظموں کے بارے میں پڑھاؤں گا؟ شرمناک سچائی تو یہ ہے کہ میرا انتخاب اس لیے کیا جا رہا تھا کیونکہ ییل یونیورسٹی کے پاس اس بات کے بارے میں کچھ عجیب و غریب خیالات تھے کہ میری جلد کا رنگ یا نسلی شناخت کیا معنی رکھتی ہے۔

I came from a white middle class neighborhood. Was I expected to go back there and teach the woman next door about Renaissance sonnets? The embarrassing truth of the matter was that I was being chosen because Yale University had some peculiar idea about what my skin color or ethnicity signified.

I came from a white middle class neighborhood. Was I expected to go back there and teach the woman next door about Renaissance sonnets? The embarrassing truth of the matter was that I was being chosen because Yale University had some peculiar idea about what my skin color or ethnicity signified.

مردم شماری بیورو ایک نئی قسم بنانے پر غور کر رہا ہے کیونکہ بہت سے بچے یہ نہیں جانتے کہ موجودہ زمروں کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے خود کو کیسے بیان کریں۔ میں ان بچوں کو "کیانو ریوز جنریشن" کہتا ہوں، اس اداکار کے نام پر جس کے والد ہوائی اور والدہ ویلش ہیں۔

The Census Bureau is thinking of creating a new category because so many kids don't know how to describe themselves using the existing categories. I call these kids the "Keanu Reeves Generation," after the actor who has a Hawaiian father and a Welsh mother.

The Census Bureau is thinking of creating a new category because so many kids don't know how to describe themselves using the existing categories. I call these kids the "Keanu Reeves Generation," after the actor who has a Hawaiian father and a Welsh mother.

میرا نہیں خیال کہ مصنفین کو آسان اور ڈھلے ڈھلائے نمونے ہونا چاہیے۔ میرا نہیں خیال کہ ہمیں لوگوں کو پرسکون محسوس کرانا چاہیے۔ میں کوئی چبھنے والی شخصیت بننے کی کوشش نہیں کرتا، لیکن میرا ماننا ہے کہ حقیقی خیالات پریشان کن ہوتے ہیں۔ میرے کام میں کچھ ایسا ہونا چاہیے جو قاری کو بے چین چھوڑ دے۔ میرا ارادہ یہی ہوتا ہے۔

I don't think writers should be convenient examples. I don't think we should make people feel settled. I don't try to be a gadfly, but I do think that real ideas are troublesome. There should be something about my work that leaves the reader unsettled. I intend that.

I don't think writers should be convenient examples. I don't think we should make people feel settled. I don't try to be a gadfly, but I do think that real ideas are troublesome. There should be something about my work that leaves the reader unsettled. I intend that.

کسی کمیونٹی کے سماجی نمونے کے طور پر مصنف کا خیال مضحکہ خیز ہے۔ اس سے بھی بدتر یہ نظریہ ہے کہ مصنفین کو جینے کا طریقہ سکھانا چاہیے۔ ورجینیا وولف نے ایک دن اپنے سویٹر میں پتھر رکھ کر اور جھیل میں اتر کر اپنی زندگی کا خاتمہ کر لیا تھا۔ وہ اس بات کا نمونہ نہیں ہے کہ میں اپنی زندگی کیسے گزارنا چاہتا ہوں۔ دوسری طرف، اس کی نحو (syntax) کی بہادری، اس کے جملوں کی جرات، جو اس نے شدید ترین ڈپریشن کے دوران لکھے، وہ میرے لیے ایک طرح کی مثال ہے۔ لیکن میں ورجینیا وولف نہیں بننا چاہتا۔ میں اسے اس لیے نہیں پڑھتا۔

The notion of the writer as a kind of sociological sample of a community is ludicrous. Even worse is the notion that writers should provide an example of how to live. Virginia Woolf ended her life by putting a rock in her sweater one day and walking into a lake. She is not a model of how I want to live my life. On the other hand, the bravery of her syntax, of her sentences, written during her deepest depression, is a kind of example for me. But I do not want to become Virginia Woolf. That is not why I read her.

The notion of the writer as a kind of sociological sample of a community is ludicrous. Even worse is the notion that writers should provide an example of how to live. Virginia Woolf ended her life by putting a rock in her sweater one day and walking into a lake. She is not a model of how I want to live my life. On the other hand, the bravery of her syntax, of her sentences, written during her deepest depression, is a kind of example for me. But I do not want to become Virginia Woolf. That is not why I read her.

او جے سمسن کے مقدمے کے بعد اس بات پر بحث ہوئی کہ ملک دو حصوں میں بٹ رہا ہے — ایک حصہ کالا، ایک حصہ سفید۔ یہ سراسر حماقت تھی: عام گرنگو (گوروں) کا غرور۔ یہ ایسا ہے جیسے گورے اور سیاہ فام امریکہ کا تصور صرف ایک دوسرے کے تناظر میں کر سکتے ہیں۔ یہ زیادہ تر گوروں کا غرور ہے، کیونکہ یہ نسلی مساوات کے مرکز میں ہمیشہ گوروں کو ہی رکھتا ہے۔

fter the O.J. Simpson trial there was talk about how the country was splitting in two - one part black, one part white. It was ludicrous: typical gringo arrogance. It's as though whites and blacks can imagine America only in terms of each other. It's mostly white arrogance, in that it places whites always at the center of the racial equation.

fter the O.J. Simpson trial there was talk about how the country was splitting in two - one part black, one part white. It was ludicrous: typical gringo arrogance. It's as though whites and blacks can imagine America only in terms of each other. It's mostly white arrogance, in that it places whites always at the center of the racial equation.

رول ماڈل کا مقبول خیال یہ ظاہر کرتا ہے کہ کسی بالغ کا بچے پر اثر بنیادی طور پر پیشہ ورانہ ہوتا ہے، اور یہ کہ سیاہ فام بچے کو صرف ایک سیاہ فام ڈاکٹر کو دیکھنے کی ضرورت ہے، اور پھر یہ بچہ سوچے گا، "اوہ، میں بھی ڈاکٹر بن سکتا ہوں۔"

The popular idea of a role model implies that an adult's influence on a child is primarily occupational, and that all a black child needs is to see a black doctor, and then this child will think, "Oh, I can become a doctor too."

The popular idea of a role model implies that an adult's influence on a child is primarily occupational, and that all a black child needs is to see a black doctor, and then this child will think, "Oh, I can become a doctor too."

بات صرف اتنی نہیں ہے کہ یہ دونوں شہر بحر الکاہل کے کنارے آمنے سامنے آباد ہیں؛ بلکہ یہ ہے کہ نوجوانی ادھیڑ عمر کے ساتھ بیٹھی ہے، اور وہ نہیں جانتے کہ ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ کیسے پیش آنایا جائے۔ ایک لحاظ سے، یہ دونوں شہر مختلف صدیوں میں جی رہے ہیں۔ سان ڈیاگو ایک بعد از صنعتی (post-industrial) شہر ہے جو جم کر بیٹھنے، سست ہونے اور صاف ستھری صنعتیں بنانے کی باتیں کرتا ہے۔ تیخوانا ایک قبل از صنعتی (preindustrial) شہر ہے جو تبدیلی، آگے بڑھنے اور ترقی کرنے کی بات کرتا ہے۔ اس کے باوجود وہ ایک ہی میٹروپولیٹن علاقہ بناتے ہیں۔

It is not simply that these two cities are perched side by side at the edge of the Pacific; it is that adolescence sits next to middle age, and they don't know how to relate to each other. In a way, these two cities exist in different centuries. San Diego is a post-industrial city talking about settling down, slowing down, building clean industry. Tijuana is a preindustrial city talking about changing, moving forward, growing. Yet they form a single metropolitan area.

It is not simply that these two cities are perched side by side at the edge of the Pacific; it is that adolescence sits next to middle age, and they don't know how to relate to each other. In a way, these two cities exist in different centuries. San Diego is a post-industrial city talking about settling down, slowing down, building clean industry. Tijuana is a preindustrial city talking about changing, moving forward, growing. Yet they form a single metropolitan area.

कौन जाने येल विश्वविद्यालय ने जब रिचर्ड रॉड्रिगेज को नौकरी पर रखा तो उसकी क्या मंशा थी? जिन लोगों ने मुझे यह नौकरी दी, उन्हें इसमें कुछ भी गलत नहीं लगा। मुझे इसमें बहुत कुछ गलत लगा था, और आज भी लगता है। मेरा मानना है कि नस्ल के आधार पर सकारात्मक कार्रवाई (एफ़रमेटिव एक्शन) बेहद बचकानी और सरासर गलत है।

Who knows what Yale thought it was getting when it hired Richard Rodriguez? The people who offered me the job thought there was nothing wrong with that. I thought there was something very wrong. I still do. I think race-based affirmative action is crude and absolutely mistaken.

Who knows what Yale thought it was getting when it hired Richard Rodriguez? The people who offered me the job thought there was nothing wrong with that. I thought there was something very wrong. I still do. I think race-based affirmative action is crude and absolutely mistaken.

यह सैन डिएगो शहर है—एक ऐसा सेवानिवृत्ति स्थल, जो अपने सलीके और दिखावे के बावजूद पानी के बहुत करीब नहीं जाना चाहता। सैन डिएगो इस बात से परेशान रहता है कि ला जोला के उन खूबसूरत और प्राचीन समुद्र तटों पर कहीं गंदगी न बहकर आ जाए। सैन डिएगो चाहता है कि मैक्सिको में कम बच्चे पैदा हों। और सैन डिएगो भी अमेरिका के बाकी हिस्सों की तरह अब बूढ़ा हो रहा है।

There is San Diego - this retirement village, with its prim petticoat, that doesn't want to get too near the water. San Diego worries about all the turds washing up on the lovely, pristine beaches of La Jolla. San Diego wishes Mexico would have fewer babies. And San Diego, like the rest of America, is growing middle-aged.

There is San Diego - this retirement village, with its prim petticoat, that doesn't want to get too near the water. San Diego worries about all the turds washing up on the lovely, pristine beaches of La Jolla. San Diego wishes Mexico would have fewer babies. And San Diego, like the rest of America, is growing middle-aged.

अगर आप टेनेसी में रहना चाहते हैं, तो भगवान आपका भला करे, मैं आपके लंबी उम्र और तारों भरी रातों की कामना करता हूँ। लेकिन मैं अपनी जिंदगी वहाँ नहीं बिताना चाहता। मैं तो कार्थेज और एथेंस में जीना चाहता हूँ। मैं रोम में रहना चाहता हूँ। मैं दुनिया के केंद्र में जीना चाहता हूँ। मैं लॉस एंजिल्स में अपनी जिंदगी बिताना चाहता हूँ।

If you want to live in Tennessee, God bless you, I wish for you a long life and starry evenings. But that is not where I want to live my life. I want to live my life in Carthage, in Athens. I want to live my life in Rome. I want to live my life in the center of the world. I want to live my life in Los Angeles.

If you want to live in Tennessee, God bless you, I wish for you a long life and starry evenings. But that is not where I want to live my life. I want to live my life in Carthage, in Athens. I want to live my life in Rome. I want to live my life in the center of the world. I want to live my life in Los Angeles.