'मेमोरी कन्फॉर्मिटी' (स्मृति अनुरूपता) या फिर 'सोशल कंटाजियन ऑफ़ मेमोरी' नाम की एक बात होती है, जिसका मतलब है कि जब किसी एक व्यक्ति द्वारा किसी याद को बयान करने का तरीका, उसी अनुभव के बारे में किसी दूसरे व्यक्ति के नजरिए या बयान को प्रभावित करता है।
There's something known as "memory conformity," also known as "social contagion of memory," which refers to a situation where one person's telling of a memory influences another person's account of that same experience.
There's something known as "memory conformity," also known as "social contagion of memory," which refers to a situation where one person's telling of a memory influences another person's account of that same experience.
अदालत में सबसे कम भरोसेमंद गवाही चश्मदीद गवाह की होती है। हम उन बातों को याद रखने में बिल्कुल अच्छे नहीं हैं जो हमारे साथ या हमारे सामने घटित होती हैं। लेकिन इसका मतलब यह नहीं है कि लोग जानबूझकर झूठ बोल रहे हैं।
The least trusted testimony in a court of law is eyewitness testimony. We are simply not good reporters of facts that happen to us, or in front of us. But that's not the same as knowingly lying.
The least trusted testimony in a court of law is eyewitness testimony. We are simply not good reporters of facts that happen to us, or in front of us. But that's not the same as knowingly lying.
मुझे लगता है कि हर कहानीकार अविश्वसनीय (unreliable) होता है। इसकी क्लासिक परिभाषा के अनुसार—अविश्वसनीय कहानीकार वह है जो अनजाने में ही कुछ ऐसा ज़ाहिर कर देता है जिसके बारे में उसे खुद पता नहीं होता। हम सब ऐसा करते हैं।
I think every narrator is an unreliable narrator. In its classic definition - an unreliable narrator is one who reveals something they don't know themselves to be revealing. We all do that.
I think every narrator is an unreliable narrator. In its classic definition - an unreliable narrator is one who reveals something they don't know themselves to be revealing. We all do that.
मेरे कई छात्र बहुत नामी रहे हैं। ऐसे लोग जिन्होंने निजी तौर पर मेरी ज़िंदगी बदल दी और ऐसे भी जो अपने लेखन करियर में बहुत सफल हुए। इन सफलताओं में मेरा कितना हाथ था, यह तो अलग बात है, लेकिन अपने पूर्व छात्रों को आगे बढ़ते देख मुझे बहुत गर्व और खुशी होती है।
A lot of my students have been quite notable. Notable in both the personal sense - people who have changed my life - and notable in that many have gone on to enormous success in their writing careers. Whether or not I had a lot to do with those success stories, I'm very proud and happy for my former students getting on the map.
A lot of my students have been quite notable. Notable in both the personal sense - people who have changed my life - and notable in that many have gone on to enormous success in their writing careers. Whether or not I had a lot to do with those success stories, I'm very proud and happy for my former students getting on the map.
मुझे लगता है कि झूठ बोलने की कला को संस्मरण (memoir) की विधा से अलग किया जा सकता है। हालांकि अक्सर लोग अपनी ही субъективности (व्यक्तिपरकता) से अनजान होते हैं।
I think the act of lying can be separated from the genre of memoir. Though often times, people are unaware of their own subjectivity.
I think the act of lying can be separated from the genre of memoir. Though often times, people are unaware of their own subjectivity.
मुझे यह बात अच्छी लगती है कि 'द्वितीय पुरुष' (second person) शैली पाठक को सीधे कहानी के भीतर ले आती है। यह उन्हें, चाहकर या न चाहकर, उस घटना में शामिल कर लेती है।
I like the fact that second person puts the reader in the story. It makes them, whether they like it or not, complicit in the action.
I like the fact that second person puts the reader in the story. It makes them, whether they like it or not, complicit in the action.
सबसे बड़ी बात यह थी कि 'द्वितीय पुरुष' शैली ने मुझे खुद को धोखा देकर अपने बारे में और अधिक राज़ खोलने का मौका दिया। अगर आप समझ सकें, तो इसने मुझे घटनाओं और भावनाओं के करीब जाने के लिए एक लेखकीय दूरी प्रदान की।
The biggest thing was that second person allowed me to trick myself into revealing more about myself. It gave me an authorial distance to get closer to the action and emotions, if that makes sense.
The biggest thing was that second person allowed me to trick myself into revealing more about myself. It gave me an authorial distance to get closer to the action and emotions, if that makes sense.
अब मैं अकेले कथा सिद्धांत (narrative theory) नहीं पढ़ाता, लेकिन छात्रों की रचनाओं की समीक्षा करते समय मैं इसका उपयोग ज़रूर करता हूँ। इसलिए, अनचाहे ही यह उसमें शामिल हो ही जाता है।
I don't teach narrative theory by itself anymore, but I kind of use it when critiquing student manuscripts. So, it works its way in there, whether I like it or not.
I don't teach narrative theory by itself anymore, but I kind of use it when critiquing student manuscripts. So, it works its way in there, whether I like it or not.
'द्वितीय पुरुष' शैली की जो बात मुझे सबसे ज़्यादा पसंद है, वह यह है कि यह पाठक को बार-बार याद दिलाती है कि वे कुछ पढ़ रहे हैं। यह उन्हें बहककर कहानी में इस तरह नहीं खोने देती कि वे भूल जाएँ कि वे एक किताब पढ़ रहे हैं—एक ऐसी किताब जिसका एक लेखक है।
One of the things I love most about second person is that it reminds the reader that they are reading a text. It doesn't allow them to drift into the story and not notice that they are reading a book - a book that has an author.
One of the things I love most about second person is that it reminds the reader that they are reading a text. It doesn't allow them to drift into the story and not notice that they are reading a book - a book that has an author.
मुझे ऐसा पाठ पसंद है जो पाठक को बीच-बीच में यह याद दिलाता रहे कि यह एक लिखा हुआ पाठ है।
I like a text that reminds the reader its a text sometimes.
I like a text that reminds the reader its a text sometimes.
मैं कहूँगा कि संगीत लेखन को—गद्य के संगीत और उसकी लय को—बहुत ज़्यादा प्रभावित करता है, न कि लेखन संगीत को।
I'd say the music influences the writing - the music and rhythm of the prose - much more than the writing influences the music.
I'd say the music influences the writing - the music and rhythm of the prose - much more than the writing influences the music.
सबसे बड़ी चुनौतियों में से एक थी, पन्ना-दर-पन्ना, पाठक के सामने एकदम बेपरदा होकर खड़े होना।
Some of the biggest challenges were, page after page, standing naked in front of the reader.
Some of the biggest challenges were, page after page, standing naked in front of the reader.
आप फिक्शन के आवरण के पीछे छिप नहीं सकते। भले ही फिक्शन का कोई दृश्य आपकी अपनी ज़िंदगी से कितना भी जुड़ा हो, खुद को बचाने के लिए आप हमेशा पाठक से कह सकते हैं कि यह तो आपने गढ़ा है।
You can't hide behind the guise of fiction. No matter how autobiographical a fictional scene is, you can always tell the reader - in protecting yourself - that you made it up.
You can't hide behind the guise of fiction. No matter how autobiographical a fictional scene is, you can always tell the reader - in protecting yourself - that you made it up.
मेरे शिक्षण करियर की शुरुआत बफ़्फ़लो के एक बहुत छोटे स्कूल में अंग्रेजी रचना (comp) पढ़ाने से हुई थी। और उस समय मैं इस काम में बहुत बुरा था। उन्हें मुझे कभी नौकरी पर रखना ही नहीं चाहिए था।
My teaching career started with me teaching comp at a very small school in Buffalo. And I was terrible at that point. They never should have hired me.
My teaching career started with me teaching comp at a very small school in Buffalo. And I was terrible at that point. They never should have hired me.
मेरे पास राइटिंग में एमएफए है। यह बहस का विषय हो सकता है कि यह हर किसी के लिए सही है या नहीं, लेकिन मेरा एक गुरु (मेंटर) था जिसने वास्तव में मेरी ज़िंदगी बदल दी, इसलिए यह मेरे लिए कारगर साबित हुआ।
I have an MFA in writing. It is debatable if they are right for everyone, but I had a mentor who really changed my life, so it worked for me.
I have an MFA in writing. It is debatable if they are right for everyone, but I had a mentor who really changed my life, so it worked for me.
अपनी पहली कहानी प्रकाशित करने से पहले मुझे सात साल तक लिखना पड़ा। और फिर, अगले पाँच वर्षों में धीरे-धीरे मेरी और रचनाएँ छपने लगीं।
It took me seven years of writing before I published my first story. And then, the publications trickled in over the next five years.
It took me seven years of writing before I published my first story. And then, the publications trickled in over the next five years.
जब मैं नशे और शराब की लत में था, तब मैं ज़्यादा काम नहीं कर पाता था। मेरे कुछ दोस्त ऐसे भी थे जो तब भी काम करते थे, लेकिन मैं उनमें से नहीं था।
I wasn't doing much work when I was using and drinking. I have friends who did it (work), but I wasn't one of those people.
I wasn't doing much work when I was using and drinking. I have friends who did it (work), but I wasn't one of those people.
मेरे लिए, नशे की लत का मतलब कभी यह खुद को समझाना नहीं था कि सब ठीक है। जब तक मैं नशे में पूरी तरह डूब चुका था, तब तक मैं यह जान चुका था कि हालात काफ़ी बदतर हो चुके हैं और मेरा खुद पर कोई नियंत्रण नहीं बचा है।
For me, addiction never really included telling myself that everything was okay. By the time I was deep in my addictions, I knew things were pretty bad and I had no control over them.
For me, addiction never really included telling myself that everything was okay. By the time I was deep in my addictions, I knew things were pretty bad and I had no control over them.