पारंपरिक दृष्टिकोण ने उस चयन की प्रकृति को धुंधला कर दिया है जो किया जाना आवश्यक है। आमतौर पर इस सवाल को इस रूप में देखा जाता है कि 'अ' ने 'ब' को नुकसान पहुँचाया है और यह तय किया जाना है कि हम 'अ' को कैसे रोकें? लेकिन यह गलत है। हम एक पारस्परिक प्रकृति की समस्या से निपट रहे हैं। 'ब' को नुकसान से बचाने का मतलब 'अ' को नुकसान पहुँचाना होगा। असल सवाल यह तय करना है कि क्या 'अ' को 'ब' को नुकसान पहुँचाने की अनुमति दी जानी चाहिए या 'ब' को 'अ' को नुकसान पहुँचाने की अनुमति दी जानी चाहिए?
The traditional approach has tended to obscure the nature of the choice that has to be made. The question is commonly thought of as one in which A inflicts harm on B and what has to be decided is: how should we restrain A? But this is wrong. We are dealing with a problem of a reciprocal nature. To avoid the harm to B would inflict harm on A. The real question that has to be decided is: should A be allowed to harm B or should B be allowed to harm A?
The traditional approach has tended to obscure the nature of the choice that has to be made. The question is commonly thought of as one in which A inflicts harm on B and what has to be decided is: how should we restrain A? But this is wrong. We are dealing with a problem of a reciprocal nature. To avoid the harm to B would inflict harm on A. The real question that has to be decided is: should A be allowed to harm B or should B be allowed to harm A?
* "द प्रॉब्लम ऑफ़ सोशल कॉस्ट", जर्नल ऑफ़ लॉ एंड इकोनॉमिक्स में, वॉल्यूम 3 (अक्टूबर 1960)
* "The Problem of Social Cost", in: Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 3. (Oct., 1960)
* "The Problem of Social Cost", in: Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 3. (Oct., 1960)
मेरे विचार से, औद्योगिक संगठन में जिस चीज़ की आवश्यकता है, वह समस्या के प्रति एक सीधा दृष्टिकोण है। यह इस बात पर ध्यान केंद्रित करेगा कि फर्में कौन सी गतिविधियाँ करती हैं, और फर्मों के भीतर गतिविधियों के समूहीकरण की विशेषताओं का पता लगाने का प्रयास करेगी। कौन सी गतिविधियाँ एक साथ जुड़ी होती हैं और कौन सी नहीं? विभिन्न प्रकार की फर्मों के लिए इसका उत्तर अलग-अलग हो सकता है
In my view, what is wanted in industrial organization is a direct approach to the problem. This would concentrate on what activities firms undertake, and would endeavor to discover the characteristics of the groupings of activities within firms. Which activities tend to be associated and which do not? The answer may well differ for different kinds of firm
In my view, what is wanted in industrial organization is a direct approach to the problem. This would concentrate on what activities firms undertake, and would endeavor to discover the characteristics of the groupings of activities within firms. Which activities tend to be associated and which do not? The answer may well differ for different kinds of firm
* रोनाल्ड कोवे (1972) "इंडस्ट्रियल ऑर्गेनाइजेशन: ए प्रपोज़ल फॉर रिसर्च"
* Ronald Coase. (1972) "Industrial Organization: A Proposal for Research"
* Ronald Coase. (1972) "Industrial Organization: A Proposal for Research"
अमेरिकी संस्थावादी सैद्धांतिक नहीं बल्कि सिद्धांत-विरोधी थे... बिना किसी सिद्धांत के उनके पास सिद्धांत की प्रतीक्षा कर रहे वर्णनात्मक सामग्री के ढेर या फिर आग के अलावा आगे बढ़ाने के लिए कुछ भी नहीं था
American institutionalists were not theoretical but anti-theoretical.... Without a theory they had nothing to pass on except a mass of descriptive material waiting for a theory, or a fire
American institutionalists were not theoretical but anti-theoretical.... Without a theory they had nothing to pass on except a mass of descriptive material waiting for a theory, or a fire
* रोनाल्ड एच. कोवे (1984), "द न्यू इंस्टीट्यूशनल इकोनॉमिक्स", जर्नल ऑफ़ इंस्टीट्यूशनल एंड थ्योरिकल इकोनॉमिक्स
* Ronald H. Coase (1984). "The New Institutional Economics." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 140 (March): 299-231; p. 230; As cited in: Malcolm Rutherford (1996), Institutions in Economics: The Old and the New Institutionalism. p. 9
* Ronald H. Coase (1984). "The New Institutional Economics." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 140 (March): 299-231; p. 230; As cited in: Malcolm Rutherford (1996), Institutions in Economics: The Old and the New Institutionalism. p. 9
एक मामले में लेनदेन की लागत का उपयोग यह दिखाने के लिए किया गया था कि यदि उन्हें विश्लेषण में शामिल नहीं किया जाता है, तो फर्म का कोई उद्देश्य नहीं है, जबकि दूसरे में मैंने यह दिखाया, जैसा कि मैंने सोचा था, कि यदि विचाराधीन समस्याओं के दायरे के लिए लेनदेन की लागत को विश्लेषण में पेश नहीं किया गया, तो कानून का कोई उद्देश्य नहीं था
Transaction costs were used in the one case to show that if they are not included in the analysis, the firm has no purpose, while in the other I showed, as I thought, that if transaction costs were not introduced into the analysis, for the range of problems considered, the law had no purpose
Transaction costs were used in the one case to show that if they are not included in the analysis, the firm has no purpose, while in the other I showed, as I thought, that if transaction costs were not introduced into the analysis, for the range of problems considered, the law had no purpose
* रोनाल्ड एच. कोवे (1988), "द नेचर ऑफ़ द फ़र्म: इन्फ्लुएंस", जर्नल ऑफ़ लॉ, इकोनॉमिक्स, एंड ऑर्गेनाइजेशन
* Ronald H. Coase (1988). "The Nature of the Firm: Influence." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4 (No. 1, Spring): 33—47. p. 34; as cited in Eggertsson (1990; xiii)
* Ronald H. Coase (1988). "The Nature of the Firm: Influence." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4 (No. 1, Spring): 33—47. p. 34; as cited in Eggertsson (1990; xiii)
मेरी जवानी में कहा जाता था कि जो बात कहने के लिए बहुत मूर्खतापूर्ण हो, उसे गाया जा सकता है। आधुनिक अर्थशास्त्र में उसे गणित में ढाला जा सकता है
In my youth it was said that what was too silly to be said may be sung. In modern economics it may be put into mathematics
In my youth it was said that what was too silly to be said may be sung. In modern economics it may be put into mathematics
* रोनाल्ड एच. कोवे (1988), "द फर्म, द मार्केट, एंड द लॉ" में "नोट ऑन द प्रॉब्लम ऑफ़ सोशल कॉस्ट"
* Ronald H. Coase (1988). "Note on the problem of social costs" in: The Firm, the Market, and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 185
* Ronald H. Coase (1988). "Note on the problem of social costs" in: The Firm, the Market, and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 185
मुझे कोई अच्छा नियम याद नहीं है। परिवहन का नियमन, कृषि का नियमन—कृषि 'अ' है, ज़ोनिंग 'ज्ञ' है। आप जानते हैं, आप 'अ' से 'ज्ञ' तक जाएँ, वे सभी बुरे हैं। इतने सारे अध्ययन हुए, और परिणाम लगभग सार्वभौमिक था: प्रभाव बुरे थे
I can't remember of a good regulation. Regulation of transport, regulation of agriculture—agriculture is a, zoning is z. You know, you go from a to z, they are all bad. There were so many studies, and the result was quite universal: The effects were bad
I can't remember of a good regulation. Regulation of transport, regulation of agriculture—agriculture is a, zoning is z. You know, you go from a to z, they are all bad. There were so many studies, and the result was quite universal: The effects were bad
* रोनाल्ड कोवे: रीज़न में, जनवरी 1997 (ऑनलाइन पढ़ें): सरकारी नियमन के बारे में
* Ronald Coase: in Reason, January 1997 (read online]): About state regulation
* Ronald Coase: in Reason, January 1997 (read online]): About state regulation
यदि अर्थशास्त्रियों को घोड़े का अध्ययन करना होता, तो वे घोड़ों को देखने नहीं जाते। वे अपने अध्ययन कक्ष में बैठकर खुद से कहते, "यदि मैं घोड़ा होता तो क्या करता?"
If economists wished to study the horse, they wouldn't go and look at horses. They'd sit in their studies and say to themselves, "what would I do if I were a horse?"
If economists wished to study the horse, they wouldn't go and look at horses. They'd sit in their studies and say to themselves, "what would I do if I were a horse?"
* रोनाल्ड कोवे, "इंटरनेशनल सोसाइटी ऑफ़ न्यू इंस्टीट्यूशनल इकोनॉमिक्स" को 17 सितंबर 1999, वाशिंगटन डीसी में दिया गया भाषण। उनका दावा है कि वे एक साथी अर्थशास्त्री को उद्धृत कर रहे थे जिन्होंने कथित तौर पर एक बैठक में यह कहा था
* Ronald Coase in speech to the "International Society of New Institutional Economics" the 17 September 1999, Washington DC. He claims he was quoting fellow economist which reportedly said this in a meeting
* Ronald Coase in speech to the "International Society of New Institutional Economics" the 17 September 1999, Washington DC. He claims he was quoting fellow economist which reportedly said this in a meeting