Profile · Classification

Religious Status Religious
Religious Affiliation Christianity
Belief in God Believes in God
Category Economist
Confidence
98%
Subcategories
Scholar Writer Political Thinker Theologian
Themes
Population Political economy Classical economics

एक आम कहावत के अनुसार, मेहनतकश गरीब लोग हमेशा बस किसी तरह अपना गुजारा करते हैं। उनकी सारी सोच बस अपनी वर्तमान जरूरतों तक ही सीमित रहती है, और वे शायद ही कभी भविष्य के बारे में सोचते हैं। यहां तक कि जब उनके पास पैसे बचाने का मौका होता भी है, तो वे उसका शायद ही कभी इस्तेमाल करते हैं, और उनकी जरूरत से जो भी पैसे बचते हैं, वे आमतौर पर शराबखाने में चले जाते हैं।

The labouring poor, to use a vulgar expression, seem always to live from hand to mouth. Their present wants employ their whole whole attention, and they seldom think of the future. Even when they have an opportunity of saving they seldom exercise it, but all that is beyond their present neccessities goes, generally speaking, to the ale house.

The labouring poor, to use a vulgar expression, seem always to live from hand to mouth. Their present wants employ their whole whole attention, and they seldom think of the future. Even when they have an opportunity of saving they seldom exercise it, but all that is beyond their present neccessities goes, generally speaking, to the ale house.

मानव जाติ का इतिहास असल में केवल उच्च वर्ग का इतिहास रहा है।

The histories of mankind are histories only of the higher classes.

The histories of mankind are histories only of the higher classes.

अमीर लोग, आपस में मिलकर गलत तरीके से साजिशें रचते हैं, जिससे गरीबों के लिए मुश्किलों का दौर लंबा खींच जाता है।

The rich, by unfair combinations, contribute frequently to prolong a season of distress among the poor.

The rich, by unfair combinations, contribute frequently to prolong a season of distress among the poor.

कड़वी सच्चाई का सामना करने की हिम्मत न जुटा पाना, सिर्फ इसलिए क्योंकि वह हमें अच्छी नहीं लगती, एक ऐसा बुज़दिल रवैया है जिससे सबसे भयानक नुकसान की उम्मीद की जा सकती है।

The most baleful mischiefs may be expected from the unmanly conduct of not daring to face truth because it is unpleasing.

The most baleful mischiefs may be expected from the unmanly conduct of not daring to face truth because it is unpleasing.

जीवित प्रकृति के सामान्य नियमों में से एक यह है कि इंसानों की आबादी के बढ़ने की जो प्रवृत्ति है, वह हमेशा जीवनयापन के साधनों से आगे निकल जाती है, और इसमें बदलाव की उम्मीद करने की हमारे पास कोई वजह नहीं है।

The perpetual tendency of the race of man to increase beyond the means of subsistence is one of the general laws of animated nature, which we can have no reason to expect to change.

The perpetual tendency of the race of man to increase beyond the means of subsistence is one of the general laws of animated nature, which we can have no reason to expect to change.

जब तराजू के दूसरे पलड़े में कुछ न हो, तो एक पंख भी पलड़े को झुका देने के लिए काफी होता है।

A feather will weigh down a scale when there is nothing in the opposite one.

A feather will weigh down a scale when there is nothing in the opposite one.

तानाशाही का समर्थन करने वाले सबसे सफल लोग बिना किसी शक वे आम वक्ता हैं जो गरीबों की बदहाली और समाज में मौजूद लगभग हर बुराई के लिए मानवीय संस्थाओं और सरकारों के अन्याय को जिम्मेदार ठहराते हैं।

The most successful supporters of tyranny are without doubt those general declaimers who attribute the distresses of the poor, and almost all evils to which society is subject, to human institutions and the iniquity of governments.

The most successful supporters of tyranny are without doubt those general declaimers who attribute the distresses of the poor, and almost all evils to which society is subject, to human institutions and the iniquity of governments.

यह स्पष्ट हो चुका है कि हमारी प्रकृति के अटल नियमों के कारण, कुछ इंसानों को तंगी और अभाव झेलना ही पड़ेगा। ये वही बदनसीब लोग हैं, जिन्होंने जीवन की इस महान लॉटरी में खाली हाथ (नकारात्मक परिणाम) पाया है।

It has appeared that from the inevitable laws of our nature, some human beings must suffer from want. These are the unhappy persons who, in the great lottery of life, have drawn a blank.

It has appeared that from the inevitable laws of our nature, some human beings must suffer from want. These are the unhappy persons who, in the great lottery of life, have drawn a blank.

अगर आबादी और भोजन एक ही अनुपात में बढ़ते, तो शायद इंसान कभी जंगली अवस्था से बाहर ही न निकल पाता।

Had population and food increased in the same ratio, it is probable that man might never have emerged from the savage state.

Had population and food increased in the same ratio, it is probable that man might never have emerged from the savage state.

अगर आबादी पर रोक न लगाई जाए, तो वह हर 25 साल में दोगुनी होती जाती है या ज्यामितीय अनुपात में बढ़ती है।

Population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every 25 years or increases in a geometrical ratio.

Population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every 25 years or increases in a geometrical ratio.

आबादी बढ़ने की बेकाबू ताकत को बिना misery (कष्ट) या vice (बुराई/विकार) पैदा किए नहीं रोका जा सकता।

The superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice.

The superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice.

कुछ खास किस्म के दिमागों को चीजों को बहुत ज्यादा सरल बनाकर देखना और उनके सामान्य नियम बना लेना सबसे ज्यादा आकर्षित करता है।

To minds of a certain cast there is nothing so captivating as simplification and generalization.

To minds of a certain cast there is nothing so captivating as simplification and generalization.

कोई लेखक मुझसे कह सकता है कि उसका मानना है कि इंसान आखिरकार एक शुतुरमुर्ग बन जाएगा। मैं पूरी मजबूती से उसका विरोध नहीं कर सकता।

A writer may tell me that he thinks man will ultimately become an ostrich. I cannot properly contradict him.

A writer may tell me that he thinks man will ultimately become an ostrich. I cannot properly contradict him.

नेकी या सदाचार की असली परीक्षा यह है कि वह बुराई के हर प्रलोभन का डटकर मुकाबला करे।

The ordeal of virtue is to resist all temptation to evil.

The ordeal of virtue is to resist all temptation to evil.

हर कोई अपने ही सिद्धांत पर चलता है, और इस बात की बहुत कम परवाह करता है कि विरोधी क्या कह रहा है, ताकि वह अपनी बात में सुधार कर सके।

Each pursues his own theory, little solicitous to correct or improve it by an attention to what is advanced by his opponents.

Each pursues his own theory, little solicitous to correct or improve it by an attention to what is advanced by his opponents.

हर मजदूर को प्रतिदिन तीन शिलिंग और छह pence देना भी देश में मांस की मात्रा को नहीं बढ़ा पाएगा। फिलहाल देश में इतना मांस नहीं है कि सभी को इसका एक ठीक-ठाक हिस्सा मिल सके। ऐसे में इसका नतीजा क्या होगा?

The transfer of three shillings and sixpence a day to every labourer would not increase the quantity of meat in the country. There is not at present enough for all to have a decent share. What would then be the consequence?

The transfer of three shillings and sixpence a day to every labourer would not increase the quantity of meat in the country. There is not at present enough for all to have a decent share. What would then be the consequence?

مالتھس نے ۱۸۰۴ میں شادی کی اور اپنی بیوی سے ان کے تین بچے ہوئے۔

Malthus married in 1804 and beat three children with his wife

Malthus married in 1804 and beat three children with his wife

جہاں لوگ کم ہوں اور زرخیز زمین وافر مقدار میں ہو، وہاں زمین کی خوراک میں سالانہ اضافے کی صلاحیت کو ایک ایسے بڑے تالاب سے تشبیہ دی جا سکتی ہے جس میں ایک ہلکی دھار سے پانی آ رہا ہو۔ آبادی جتنی تیزی سے بڑھے گی، پانی نکالنے میں اتنے ہی زیادہ ہاتھ بٹائیں گے، اور نتیجتاً ہر سال زیادہ مقدار میں پانی نکالا جائے گا۔ لیکن اس میں شک نہیں کہ وہ تالاب اتنی ہی جلدی خالی ہو جائے گا اور صرف پانی کے بہاؤ باقی رہ جائیں گے۔

Where there are few people, and a great quantity of fertile land, the power of the earth to afford a yearly increase of food may be compared to a great reservoir of water, supplied by a moderate stream. The faster population increases, the more help will be got to draw off the water, and consequently an increasing quantity will be taken every year. But the sooner, undoubtedly, will the reservoir be exhausted, and the streams only remain.

Where there are few people, and a great quantity of fertile land, the power of the earth to afford a yearly increase of food may be compared to a great reservoir of water, supplied by a moderate stream. The faster population increases, the more help will be got to draw off the water, and consequently an increasing quantity will be taken every year. But the sooner, undoubtedly, will the reservoir be exhausted, and the streams only remain.

آبادی، اگر اس پر قابو نہ پایا جائے، تو ہر پچیس سال میں دگنی ہو جاتی ہے، یا پھر ہندسی تناسب سے بڑھتی ہے۔ ... انسانی محنت کے لیے انتہائی سازگار حالات میں بھی گزر بسر کے ذرائع کو کسی بھی صورت میں حسابی تناسب سے زیادہ تیزی سے نہیں بڑھایا جا سکتا۔

[P]opulation, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty-five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio. ... [T]he means of subsistence, under circumstances the most favorable to human industry, could not possibly be made to increase faster than in an arithmetical ratio.

[P]opulation, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty-five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio. ... [T]he means of subsistence, under circumstances the most favorable to human industry, could not possibly be made to increase faster than in an arithmetical ratio.

عام لوگوں کی بار بار کی پریشانیوں کا ازالہ کرنے کے لیے انگلینڈ میں غریبوں کے قوانین بنائے گئے تھے، لیکن ڈر یہ ہے کہ اگرچہ انہوں نے انفرادی بدقسمتی کی شدت کو تھوڑا بہت کم کیا ہو گا، لیکن انہوں نے اس عمومی برائی کو بہت زیادہ وسیع پیمانے پر پھیلا دیا ہے۔

To remedy the frequent distresses of the common people, the poor laws of England have been instituted; but it is to be feared that though they may have alleviated a little the intensity of individual misfortune, they have spread the general evil over a much larger surface.

To remedy the frequent distresses of the common people, the poor laws of England have been instituted; but it is to be feared that though they may have alleviated a little the intensity of individual misfortune, they have spread the general evil over a much larger surface.

اگر کسی ملک کا ایک چوتھائی سرمایہ اچانک تباہ ہو جائے، یا اشیا کی مانگ میں کمی کی کوئی اور وجہ پیدا ہوئے بغیر، مکمل طور پر دنیا کے کسی دوسرے حصے میں منتقل کر دیا جائے، تو سرمائے کی یہ کمی یقینی طور پر صارفین کے لیے بڑی تکلیف اور مزدور طبقے کے لیے شدید پریشانی کا باعث بنے گی؛ لیکن اس سے باقی بچ جانے والے سرمائے داروں کو بہت زیادہ فوائد حاصل ہوں گے۔

If one fourth of the capital of a country were suddenly destroyed, or entirely transferred to a different part of the world, without any other cause occurring of a diminished demand for commodities, this scantiness of capital would certainly occasion great inconvenience to consumers, and great distress among the working classes; but it would be attended with great advantages to the remaining capitalists.

If one fourth of the capital of a country were suddenly destroyed, or entirely transferred to a different part of the world, without any other cause occurring of a diminished demand for commodities, this scantiness of capital would certainly occasion great inconvenience to consumers, and great distress among the working classes; but it would be attended with great advantages to the remaining capitalists.

آبادی کا توازن اس سرمائے سے طے ہوتا ہے جو اسے روزگار فراہم کرتا ہے، اور اس لیے یہ ہمیشہ سرمائے میں اضافے یا کمی کے ساتھ بڑھتا یا گھٹتا ہے۔ لہٰذا سرمائے میں ہر کمی کے بعد لازمی طور پر غلے کی موثر مانگ میں کمی، اس کی قیمتوں میں گراوٹ، اور کھیتی باڑی میں کمی واقع ہوتی ہے۔

Population regulates itself by the funds which are to employ it, and therefore always increases or diminishes with the increase or the diminution of capital. Every reduction of capital is therefore necessarily followed by a less effective demand for corn, by a fall in price, and by a diminished cultivation.

Population regulates itself by the funds which are to employ it, and therefore always increases or diminishes with the increase or the diminution of capital. Every reduction of capital is therefore necessarily followed by a less effective demand for corn, by a fall in price, and by a diminished cultivation.

مرد اور عورت کے درمیان کشش ہر دور میں تقریباً ایک جیسی رہی ہے، اس لیے اسے الجبری زبان میں ہمیشہ ایک مقرّرہ مقدار سمجھا جا سکتا ہے۔

The passion between the sexes has appeared in every age to be so nearly the same, that it may always be considered, in algebraic language as a given quantity.

The passion between the sexes has appeared in every age to be so nearly the same, that it may always be considered, in algebraic language as a given quantity.

۱۸۶۰ میں برطانیہ میں جتنی جوڑوں کی شادیاں ہوئیں، ان میں سے تریسٹھ فیصد کے ہاں چار یا اس سے زیادہ بچے تھے؛ جبکہ ۱۹۲۵ میں صرف بیس فیصد کے ہاں چار سے زیادہ بچے تھے۔

In 1860, sixty-three per cent of the couples married in Great Britain had families of four or more children; in 1925 only twenty per cent had more than four.

In 1860, sixty-three per cent of the couples married in Great Britain had families of four or more children; in 1925 only twenty per cent had more than four.

آبادی کے رجحانات نے ہمیشہ تباہی کی پیشگوئیاں کرنے والوں کو ابھارا ہے، کیونکہ ان رجحانات کی تشریح کرنے والے یہ فرض کر لیتے ہیں کہ ہر نیا سلسلہ لامتناہی طور پر جاری رہے گا؛پھر بھی، قلیل مدت کے علاوہ، ان پر مبنی توقعات کبھی پوری نہیں ہوتییں۔

Population trends have always provoked doom-fraught oracles, because their popular interpreters suppose that every new series will be infinitely sustained; yet, beyond the short term, expectations based on them are never fulfilled.

Population trends have always provoked doom-fraught oracles, because their popular interpreters suppose that every new series will be infinitely sustained; yet, beyond the short term, expectations based on them are never fulfilled.

تاہم، یہ ناممکن معلوم نہیں ہوتا کہ نسل پر توجہ دے کر، انسانوں میں بھی جانوروں کی طرح کی کچھ بہتری لائی جا سکتی ہے۔ کیا ذہانت کو منتقل کیا جا سکتا ہے، یہ ایک الگ بحث ہو سکتی ہے: لیکن جسامت، طاقت، خوبصورتی، رنگت، اور شاید طویل العمری بھی کسی حد تک منتقل ہونے والی خصوصیات ہیں... چونکہ خراب نسل والے تمام افراد کو تجرد (کنوارہ پن) کی سزا دیے بغیر انسانی نسل کو اس طریقے سے بہتر نہیں بنایا جا سکتا، اس لیے یہ غالباً ممکن نہیں کہ نسل پر توجہ دینے کا یہ رجحان کبھی عام ہو سکے۔

It does not, however, seem impossible that by an attention to breed, a certain degree of improvement, similar to that among animals, might take place among men. Whether intellect could be communicated may be a matter of doubt: but size, strength, beauty, complexion, and perhaps even longevity are in a degree transmissible... As the human race could not be improved in this way, without condemning all the bad specimens to celibacy, it is not probable, that an attention to breed should ever become general.

It does not, however, seem impossible that by an attention to breed, a certain degree of improvement, similar to that among animals, might take place among men. Whether intellect could be communicated may be a matter of doubt: but size, strength, beauty, complexion, and perhaps even longevity are in a degree transmissible... As the human race could not be improved in this way, without condemning all the bad specimens to celibacy, it is not probable, that an attention to breed should ever become general.

شادی کا قانون بنایا جائے یا نہ جائے، فطرت اور اخلاقیات کا تقاضا یہی معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ انسان شروع ہی سے کسی ایک عورت سے دلی لگاؤ رکھے۔

Whether the law of marriage be instituted or not, the dictate of nature and virtue seems to be an early attachment to one woman.

Whether the law of marriage be instituted or not, the dictate of nature and virtue seems to be an early attachment to one woman.

آبادی میں اضافے کی براہ راست وجہ اموات کے مقابلے میں پیدائشوں کی کثرت ہے؛ اور اضافے کی شرح، یا آبادی کے دگنا ہونے کا عرصہ، اس تناسب پر منحصر ہوتا ہے جو اموات پر پیدائشوں کی زیادتی کا کل آبادی کے ساتھ ہوتا ہے۔

The immediate cause of the increase of population is the excess of the births above deaths; and the rate of increase, or the period of doubling, depends upon the proportion which the excess of the births above the deaths bears to the population.

The immediate cause of the increase of population is the excess of the births above deaths; and the rate of increase, or the period of doubling, depends upon the proportion which the excess of the births above the deaths bears to the population.

میں نہیں جانتا کہ کسی بھی مصنف نے یہ خیال کیا ہو کہ اس زمین پر انسان بالآخر بغیر خوراک کے زندہ رہنے کے قابل ہو جائے گا۔

I do not know that any writer has supposed that on this earth man will ultimately be able to live without food.

I do not know that any writer has supposed that on this earth man will ultimately be able to live without food.

ایک ہزار سے پانچ ہزار سالانہ تک کی آمدنی والے تیس یا چالیس مالکان، ایک لاکھ سالانہ کمانے والے ایک اکیلے مالک کے مقابلے میں زندگی کی بنیادی ضرورتوں، آسائشوں اور عیش و آرام کی چیزوں کی کہیں زیادہ موثر مانگ پیدا کریں گے۔

Thirty or forty proprietors, with incomes answering to between one thousand and five thousand a year, would create a much more effectual demand for the necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries of life, than a single proprietor possessing a hundred thousand a year.

Thirty or forty proprietors, with incomes answering to between one thousand and five thousand a year, would create a much more effectual demand for the necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries of life, than a single proprietor possessing a hundred thousand a year.

خوشحالی کے دور میں تجارتی طبقے اکثر اتنی دولت کما لیتے ہیں جو مستقبل کے لیے ان کے تحفظ کی ضمانت بن جاتی ہے؛ لیکن بدقسمتی سے مزدور طبقہ، اگرچہ عمومی خوشحالی میں برابر کا شریک ہوتا ہے، لیکن عام بدحالی کی طرح وہ اس کے ثمرات میں اتنے بڑے پیمانے پر شریک نہیں ہو پاتا۔

In prosperous times the mercantile classes often realize fortunes, which go far towards securing them against the future; but unfortunately the working classes, though they share in the general prosperity, do not share in it so largely as in the general adversity.

In prosperous times the mercantile classes often realize fortunes, which go far towards securing them against the future; but unfortunately the working classes, though they share in the general prosperity, do not share in it so largely as in the general adversity.

آبادی اور زمین کی پیداواری صلاحیت، ان دونوں کی طاقتوں میں قدرتی عدم توازن، اور ہماری فطرت کا وہ عظیم قانون جو ان کی کوششوں کو ہمیشہ برابر رکھنے پر مجبور کرتا ہے، معاشرے کی کاملیت کی راہ میں میرے نزدیک وہ سب سے بڑی اور ناقابل تسخیر رکاوٹ ہے۔

The natural inequality of the two powers of population and of production in the earth, and that great law of our nature which must constantly keep their efforts equal, form the great difficulty that to me appears insurmountable in the way to the perfectibility of society.

The natural inequality of the two powers of population and of production in the earth, and that great law of our nature which must constantly keep their efforts equal, form the great difficulty that to me appears insurmountable in the way to the perfectibility of society.

بہترین ذہنوں کی تشکیل دوسروں کے خیالات کو غیر فعال طریقے سے قبول کرنے کے مقابلے میں، آزادانہ سوچ کی کوششوں، نئے امتزاج بنانے اور نئی سچائیوں کو دریافت کرنے کی کاوشوں سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔

The finest minds seem to be formed rather by efforts at original thinking, by endeavours to form new combinations, and to discover new truths, than by passively receiving the impressions of other men's ideas.

The finest minds seem to be formed rather by efforts at original thinking, by endeavours to form new combinations, and to discover new truths, than by passively receiving the impressions of other men's ideas.

زمین کے اس چھوٹے سے ٹکڑے میں زندگی کے جو جراثیم موجود ہیں، اگر انہیں وافر خوراک اور پھیلنے کے لیے کافی جگہ مل جائے، تو وہ چند ہزار سالوں کے اندر اندر لاکھوں دنیاؤں کو بھر سکتے ہیں۔

The germs of existence contained in this spot of earth, with ample food, and ample room to expand in, would fill millions of worlds in the course of a few thousand years.

The germs of existence contained in this spot of earth, with ample food, and ample room to expand in, would fill millions of worlds in the course of a few thousand years.

آبادی بڑھانے کی جو مسلسل کوشش بدترین معاشروں میں بھی پائی جاتی ہے، وہ گزر بسر کے ذرائع میں اضافے سے پہلے ہی لوگوں کی تعداد میں اضافہ کر دیتی ہے۔

The constant effort towards population, which is found even in the most vicious societies, increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased.

The constant effort towards population, which is found even in the most vicious societies, increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased.

جگہ اور خوراک کی اس مسلسل جنگ کی وجہ سے انسانی زندگی کا جو زبردست زیاں ہوتا تھا، اس کی تلافی آبادی کی اس زبردست طاقت نے کر دی جو ہجرت کی مستقل عادت کی وجہ سے کسی حد تک آزادانہ طور پر کام کرتی رہی۔

The prodigious waste of human life occasioned by this perpetual struggle for room and food, was more than supplied by the mighty power of population, acting, in some degree, unshackled, from the constant habit of emigration.

The prodigious waste of human life occasioned by this perpetual struggle for room and food, was more than supplied by the mighty power of population, acting, in some degree, unshackled, from the constant habit of emigration.

اگر یہ سکھایا جائے کہ جتنے بھی لوگ پیدا ہوتے ہیں، زمین پر ان کی تعداد کچھ بھی ہو، ان سب کو پالنے کا حق حاصل ہے، اور اس تعداد کو قابو میں رکھنے کے لیے شادی کے معاملے میں کسی قسم کی ہوشیاری یا احتیاط برتنے کی کوئی ضرورت نہیں ہے، تو انسانی فطرت کے تمام معلوم اصولوں کے تحت ان فریب دینے والی خواہشات کے سامنے لازماً گھٹنے ٹیک دیے جائیں گے، اور آہستہ آہستہ زیادہ سے زیادہ لوگ سرکاری امداد پر انحصار کرنے لگیں گے۔

If it be taught that all who are born have a right to support on the land, whatever be their number, and that there is no occasion to exercise any prudence in the affair of marriage so as to check this number, the temptations, according to all the known principles of human nature, will inevitably be yielded to, and more and more will gradually become dependent on parish assistance.

If it be taught that all who are born have a right to support on the land, whatever be their number, and that there is no occasion to exercise any prudence in the affair of marriage so as to check this number, the temptations, according to all the known principles of human nature, will inevitably be yielded to, and more and more will gradually become dependent on parish assistance.

انسان فراوانی کے ماحول میں زندہ نہیں رہ سکتا۔

Man cannot live in the midst of plenty.

Man cannot live in the midst of plenty.

سرمایہ آبادی کے مقابلے میں زیادہ تیزی سے جمع ہوتا ہے۔

Capitals accumulate faster than population

Capitals accumulate faster than population

ہمیں مطلوبہ کھپت کو ایڈم اسمتھ کے غیر پیداواری مزدوروں کے علاوہ اور کہاں تلاش کرنا چاہیے؟

Where are we to look for the consumption required but among the unproductive labourers of Adam Smith?.

Where are we to look for the consumption required but among the unproductive labourers of Adam Smith?.

جب ہیوم اور ایڈم اسمتھ نے یہ پیشگوئی کی تھی کہ قومی قرضے میں اس وقت کے مقابلے میں تھوڑا سا بھی اضافہ ممکنہ طور پر دیوالیہ پن کا سبب بنے گا؛ تو ان کی غلطی کی بنیادی وجہ یہ فطری مجبوری تھی کہ وہ اس زبردست پیداواری طاقت کا اندازہ نہیں لگا سکے تھے جو آگے چل کر اس قوم کو حاصل ہونے والی تھی۔

When Hume and Adam Smith prophesied that a little increase of national debt beyond the then amount of it, would probably occasion bankruptcy; the main cause of their error was the natural one, of not being able to see the vast increase of productive power to which the nation would subsequently obtain.

When Hume and Adam Smith prophesied that a little increase of national debt beyond the then amount of it, would probably occasion bankruptcy; the main cause of their error was the natural one, of not being able to see the vast increase of productive power to which the nation would subsequently obtain.

وہ بنیادی خصوصیت جو انسان کو دوسرے جانوروں سے ممتاز کرتی ہے، اس کے گزر بسر کے ذرائع ہیں—یعنی وہ طاقت جو اسے ان ذرائع میں بہت زیادہ اضافہ کرنے کی صلاحیت عطا کرتی ہے۔

The main peculiarity which distinguishes man from other animals is the means of his support - the power which he possesses of very greatly increasing these means.

The main peculiarity which distinguishes man from other animals is the means of his support - the power which he possesses of very greatly increasing these means.

بدقسمتی سے، مصائب کے اعادہ کو روکنا انسان کے بس میں نہیں ہے!

To prevent the recurrence of misery is, alas! beyond the power of man.

To prevent the recurrence of misery is, alas! beyond the power of man.

اگر کوئی ملک صرف کم اجرتوں کی اس دوڑ میں کامیاب ہو کر ہی امیر بن سکتا ہے، تو میں فوراً یہ کہنا چاہوں گا کہ ایسی دولت کا ناس ہو!

If a country can only be rich by running a successful race for low wages, I should be disposed to say at once, perish such riches!

If a country can only be rich by running a successful race for low wages, I should be disposed to say at once, perish such riches!

معاشی علوم بنیادی طور پر عملی نوعیت کے ہوتے ہیں، اور انسانی زندگی کے روزمرہ کے امور پر لاگو ہوتے ہیں۔ انسانی علم کی بہت کم ایسی شاخیں ہیں جہاں غلط نظریات اتنی زیادہ تباہی پھیلا سکیں یا درست نظریات اتنے زیادہ فوائد پہنچا سکیں۔

The science of political economy is essentially practical, and applicable to the common business of human life. There are few branches of human knowledge where false views may do more harm, or just views more good.

The science of political economy is essentially practical, and applicable to the common business of human life. There are few branches of human knowledge where false views may do more harm, or just views more good.

فلسفے کی سب سے روادار روح کا تقاضا یہی ہے کہ یہ فرض کیا جائے کہ الہٰی طاقت کی براہ راست مداخلت کے بغیر نہ تو کوئی پتی ہل سکتی ہے اور نہ ہی کوئی پودا اگ سکتا ہے۔

It accords with the most liberal spirit of philosophy to suppose that not a stone can fall, or a plant rise, without the immediate agency of divine power.

It accords with the most liberal spirit of philosophy to suppose that not a stone can fall, or a plant rise, without the immediate agency of divine power.

व्यक्तिगत मामलों में यह भले ही अजीब लगे, लेकिन दूसरों पर आश्रित रहने वाली गरीबी को शर्मनाक माना जाना चाहिए।

Hard as it may appear in individual instances , dependent poverty ought to be held disgraceful.

Hard as it may appear in individual instances , dependent poverty ought to be held disgraceful.

मानव जीवन की अवधि को लेकर, दुनिया के शुरुआती दौर से लेकर आज तक, इसके लगातार बढ़ने का एक भी स्थायी संकेत या प्रमाण देखने को नहीं मिला है।

With regard to the duration of human life, there does not appear to have existed from the earliest ages of the world to the present moment the smallest permanent symptom or indication of increasing prolongation.

With regard to the duration of human life, there does not appear to have existed from the earliest ages of the world to the present moment the smallest permanent symptom or indication of increasing prolongation.

दर्शनशास्त्र का सबसे पहला काम चीजों को उनके वास्तविक रूप में समझाना है; और जब तक हमारे सिद्धांत इस पर खरे न उतरें, तब तक उन्हें किसी भी व्यावहारिक निष्कर्ष का आधार नहीं बनाया जाना चाहिए।

The first business of philosophy is to account for things as they are; and till our theories will do this, they ought not to be the ground of any practical conclusion.

The first business of philosophy is to account for things as they are; and till our theories will do this, they ought not to be the ground of any practical conclusion.

न्यूटन की खोजों के मूल्य को, या शेक्सपियर और मिल्टन द्वारा दी गई आनंद की अनुभूति को, उनकी किताबों के बिक्री मूल्य से आंकना, इस बात का बहुत ही घटिया पैमाना होगा कि उन्होंने अपने देश को कितना ऊंचा उठाया और मुग्ध किया है; और 1688 की क्रांति से देश को जो लाभ मिला है, उसे सैनिकों के वेतन और उसे पूरा करने से जुड़े अन्य भुगतानों के आधार पर आंकना भी उतना ही गिरा हुआ और असंगत होगा।

To estimate the value of Newton's discoveries, or the delight communicated by Shakespeare and Milton, by the price at which their works have sold, would be but a poor measure of the degree in which they have elevated and enchanted their country; nor would it be less grovelling and incongruous to estimate the benefit which the country has derived from the Revolution of 1688, by the pay of the soldiers, and all other payments concerned in effecting it.

To estimate the value of Newton's discoveries, or the delight communicated by Shakespeare and Milton, by the price at which their works have sold, would be but a poor measure of the degree in which they have elevated and enchanted their country; nor would it be less grovelling and incongruous to estimate the benefit which the country has derived from the Revolution of 1688, by the pay of the soldiers, and all other payments concerned in effecting it.

जनसंख्या का सिद्धांत यहाँ साफ़ तौर पर नदारद है, ऐसा इसलिए नहीं कि मुझे इसकी सच्चाई और विशाल महत्व पर ज़रा भी संदेह है, बल्कि इसलिए कि यह अर्थशास्त्र की सीधी समस्या का हिस्सा नहीं बनता है।

The doctrine of population has been conspicuously absent, not because I doubt in the least its truth and vast importance, but because it forms no part of the direct problem of economics.

The doctrine of population has been conspicuously absent, not because I doubt in the least its truth and vast importance, but because it forms no part of the direct problem of economics.

धरती की पैदावार की कोई सीमा नहीं है; वे अनंत काल तक बढ़ सकती हैं।

No limits whatever are placed to the productions of the earth; they may increase forever.

No limits whatever are placed to the productions of the earth; they may increase forever.

रहने के लिए जगह और भोजन के वास्ते यह निरंतर संघर्ष।

The perpetual struggle for room and food.

The perpetual struggle for room and food.

दर्शनशास्त्र में यह एक सर्वमान्य सत्य है कि एक सही सिद्धांत की पुष्टि हमेशा प्रयोगों द्वारा होती है।

It is an acknowledged truth in philosophy that a just theory will always be confirmed by experiment.

It is an acknowledged truth in philosophy that a just theory will always be confirmed by experiment.

कुल मिलाकर यह देखा जा सकता है कि अनुत्पादक उपभोक्ताओं के एक वर्ग का विशेष उपयोग, उत्पादन और उपभोग के बीच ऐसा संतुलन बनाए रखकर धन को बढ़ावा देना है, जिससे राष्ट्रीय उद्योग के परिणामों का सबसे अधिक विनिमय मूल्य मिल सके।

On the whole it may be observed, that the specific use of a body of unproductive consumers, is to give encouragement to wealth by maintaining such a balance between produce and consumption as will give the greatest exchangeable value to the results of the national industry.

On the whole it may be observed, that the specific use of a body of unproductive consumers, is to give encouragement to wealth by maintaining such a balance between produce and consumption as will give the greatest exchangeable value to the results of the national industry.

अब तक ऐसा कोई भी राज्य अस्तित्व में नहीं आया है (कम से कम जिसके बारे में हमारे पास कोई रिकॉर्ड हो)... जहाँ निचले वर्गों में अपने परिवारों का भरण-पोषण न कर पाने के डर से, या उच्च वर्गों में समाज में अपना स्तर गिरने के डर से, शुरुआती शादियों पर किसी भी प्रकार की रोक न लगी हो।

No state has hitherto existed (at least that we have any account of) ... that no check whatever has existed to early marriages, among the lower classes, from a fear of not providing well for their families, or among the higher classes, from a fear of lowering their condition in life.

No state has hitherto existed (at least that we have any account of) ... that no check whatever has existed to early marriages, among the lower classes, from a fear of not providing well for their families, or among the higher classes, from a fear of lowering their condition in life.

जनसंख्या को सबसे प्रभावी प्रोत्साहन उद्योग की सक्रियता और उसके परिणामस्वरूप राष्ट्रीय उत्पादों में होने वाली वृद्धि से मिलता है।

The most effectual encouragement to population is, the activity of industry, and the consequent multiplication of the national products.

The most effectual encouragement to population is, the activity of industry, and the consequent multiplication of the national products.

निगमों, प्रशिक्षुता आदि से जुड़ी उन सभी संस्थाओं को कमज़ोर करने और नष्ट करने के लिए हरसंभव प्रयास किया जाना चाहिए, जिनके कारण कृषि कार्यों को व्यापार और विनिर्माण कार्यों की तुलना में कम पारिश्रमिक मिलता है।

Every endeavor should be used to weaken and destroy all those institutions relating to corporations, apprenticeships, &c, which cause the labours of agriculture to be worse paid than the labours of trade and manufactures.

Every endeavor should be used to weaken and destroy all those institutions relating to corporations, apprenticeships, &c, which cause the labours of agriculture to be worse paid than the labours of trade and manufactures.

श्री रिकार्डो का यह प्रस्ताव, जिसमें कहा गया है कि श्रम की कीमत में वृद्धि से बड़ी संख्या में वस्तुओं की कीमत कम हो जाती है, निस्संदेह बहुत विरोधाभासी लगता है; लेकिन फिर भी यह सच है, और यदि इसे अधिक स्वाभाविक और सही तरीके से प्रस्तुत किया जाए तो विरोधाभास का यह आभास समाप्त हो जाएगा।

The proposition of Mr. Ricardo, which states that a rise in the price of labour lowers the price of a large class of commodities, has undoubtedly a very paradoxical air; but it is, nevertheless, true, and the appearance of paradox would vanish, if it were stated more naturally and correctly.

The proposition of Mr. Ricardo, which states that a rise in the price of labour lowers the price of a large class of commodities, has undoubtedly a very paradoxical air; but it is, nevertheless, true, and the appearance of paradox would vanish, if it were stated more naturally and correctly.

हाल के वर्षों में हुई महान और अप्रत्याशित खोजों ने मिलकर कई लोगों को इस विचार की ओर अग्रसर किया है कि हम एक ऐसे दौर के करीब पहुँच रहे हैं जो सबसे महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तनों से भरपूर है।

The great and unlooked for discoveries that have taken place of late years have all concurred to lead many men into the opinion that we were touching on a period big with the most important changes.

The great and unlooked for discoveries that have taken place of late years have all concurred to lead many men into the opinion that we were touching on a period big with the most important changes.

वर्तमान व्यवस्था का समर्थक राजनीतिक अटकलों की खुलकर निंदा करता है।

The friend of the present order of things condemns all political speculations in the gross.

The friend of the present order of things condemns all political speculations in the gross.

शायद ही कोई ऐसी जिज्ञासा हो जो अधिक दिलचस्प हो, या अपने महत्व के कारण ध्यान आकर्षित करने के योग्य हो, जितनी कि उन कारणों का पता लगाना जो व्यावहारिक रूप से विभिन्न देशों में धन की प्रगति को रोकते हैं, या उसे बहुत धीमा कर देते हैं, जबकि उत्पादन की क्षमता तुलना में कमोबेश बनी रहती है, या कम से कम जो उपज और जनसंख्या में भारी और प्रचुर वृद्धि के साधन प्रदान कर सकती है।

THERE is scarcely any inquiry more curious, or, from its importance, more worthy of attention, than that which traces the causes which practically check the progress of wealth in different countries, and stop it, or make it proceed very slowly, while the power of production remains comparatively undiminished, or at least would furnish the means of a great and abundant increase of produce and population.

THERE is scarcely any inquiry more curious, or, from its importance, more worthy of attention, than that which traces the causes which practically check the progress of wealth in different countries, and stop it, or make it proceed very slowly, while the power of production remains comparatively undiminished, or at least would furnish the means of a great and abundant increase of produce and population.

इसलिए अत्यधिक समानता और सदाचार के ऐसे राज्य में, जहाँ शुद्ध और सरल जीवनशैली प्रचलित थी, मानव जाति की वृद्धि स्पष्ट रूप से अब तक ज्ञात किसी भी वृद्धि से बहुत अधिक होगी।

In a state therefore of great equality and virtue, where pure and simple manners prevailed, the increase of the human species would evidently be much greater than any increase that has been hitherto known.

In a state therefore of great equality and virtue, where pure and simple manners prevailed, the increase of the human species would evidently be much greater than any increase that has been hitherto known.

सड़क और सार्वजनिक कार्यों में गरीबों को काम पर रखना, तथा जमींदारों और संपत्तिशाली लोगों में अपनी जमीन को सुधारने, संवारने, और मजदूरों तथा घरेलू नौकरों को काम पर रखने की प्रवृत्ति, उत्पादन और उपभोग के संतुलन में आई गड़बड़ी से उत्पन्न होने वाली बुराइयों को दूर करने के हमारे सबसे पहुंच में और सबसे सीधे उपाय हैं।

The employment of the poor in roads and public works, and a tendency among landlords and persons of property to build, to improve and beautify their grounds, and to employ workmen and menial servants, are the means most within our power and most directly calculated to remedy the evils arising from that disturbance in the balance of produce and consumption.

The employment of the poor in roads and public works, and a tendency among landlords and persons of property to build, to improve and beautify their grounds, and to employ workmen and menial servants, are the means most within our power and most directly calculated to remedy the evils arising from that disturbance in the balance of produce and consumption.

आत्मनिर्भरता का प्रेम एक ऐसी भावना है जिसे निश्चित रूप से कोई भी इंसान के दिल से मिटते हुए देखना नहीं चाहेगा, हालांकि यह मानना ही पड़ेगा कि इंग्लैंड का पारिश कानून एक ऐसी प्रणाली है जो धीरे-धीरे इस भावना को कमज़ोर करने के लिए सबसे अधिक जिम्मेदार है और अंत में इसे पूरी तरह से समाप्त कर सकती है।

The love of independence is a sentiment that surely none would wish to see erased from the breast of man, though the parish law of England, it must be confessed, is a system of all others the most calculated gradually to weaken this sentiment, and in the end may eradicate it completely.

The love of independence is a sentiment that surely none would wish to see erased from the breast of man, though the parish law of England, it must be confessed, is a system of all others the most calculated gradually to weaken this sentiment, and in the end may eradicate it completely.

यह कहा गया है, और शायद सच ही कहा गया है कि अर्थशास्त्र के निष्कर्ष मानव ज्ञान की अधिकांश अन्य शाखाओं की तुलना में अधिक कठोर विज्ञानों की निश्चितता से मेल खाते हैं।

It has been said, and perhaps with truth, that the conclusions of Political Economy partake more of the certainty of the stricter sciences than those of most of the other branches of human knowledge.

It has been said, and perhaps with truth, that the conclusions of Political Economy partake more of the certainty of the stricter sciences than those of most of the other branches of human knowledge.

महान प्रतिभाओं का अक्सर गलत उपयोग हुआ है और उन्होंने अपनी क्षमताओं के अनुपात में ही बुराइयों को जन्म दिया है। तर्क और धर्मग्रंथ दोनों ही हमें यह विश्वास दिलाते दिखाई देते हैं कि ऐसे मस्तिष्कों को अनंत मृत्यु का दंड दिया जाएगा, लेकिन पृथ्वी पर रहते हुए, इन दुष्ट माध्यमों ने अपने द्वारा पैदा की गई घृणा और वितृष्णा के जरिए बड़ी संख्या में पड़े प्रभावों में अपनी भूमिका निभाई।

The greatest talents have been frequently misapplied and have produced evil proportionate to the extent of their powers. Both reason and revelation seem to assure us that such minds will be condemned to eternal death, but while on earth, these vicious instruments performed their part in the great mass of impressions, by the disgust and abhorrence which they excited.

The greatest talents have been frequently misapplied and have produced evil proportionate to the extent of their powers. Both reason and revelation seem to assure us that such minds will be condemned to eternal death, but while on earth, these vicious instruments performed their part in the great mass of impressions, by the disgust and abhorrence which they excited.

सामान्य तौर पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि पूंजी की वृद्धि के लिए मांग उतनी ही आवश्यक है जितनी पूंजी की वृद्धि मांग के लिए आवश्यक है।

In general it may be said that demand is quite as necessary to the increase of capital as the increase of capital is to demand.

In general it may be said that demand is quite as necessary to the increase of capital as the increase of capital is to demand.

दुनिया के अस्तित्व में आने के इन पाँच या छः हज़ार वर्षों में स्त्री-पुरुष के बीच के आकर्षण को खत्म करने की दिशा में कोई कदम नहीं उठाया गया है।

No move towards the extinction of the passion between the sexes has taken place in the five or six thousand years that the world has existed.

No move towards the extinction of the passion between the sexes has taken place in the five or six thousand years that the world has existed.

निर्वाह साधन केवल एक अंकगणितीय अनुपात में बढ़ते हैं।

Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.

Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.

दिन में आठ घंटे किसी मुनीमखाने (काउंटिंग हाउस) में बिताना सबसे सुखद काम नहीं है।

It is not the most pleasant employment to spend eight hours a day in a counting house.

It is not the most pleasant employment to spend eight hours a day in a counting house.

मुझे इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं है कि इंग्लैंड के पारिश कानूनों ने खाने-पीने की चीजों की कीमतें बढ़ाने और श्रम की वास्तविक कीमत को कम करने में योगदान दिया है।

I feel no doubt whatever that the parish laws of England have contributed to raise the price of provisions and to lower the real price of labour.

I feel no doubt whatever that the parish laws of England have contributed to raise the price of provisions and to lower the real price of labour.

यह देखना भी बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है कि समाज के उच्च और मध्यम वर्गों के संसाधनों को भौतिक उत्पादों की मांग में प्रभावी बनाने के लिए घरेलू नौकर बिल्कुल आवश्यक हैं।

It is also very important to observe, that menial servants are absolutely necessary to make the resources of the higher and middle classes of society efficient in the demand for material products.

It is also very important to observe, that menial servants are absolutely necessary to make the resources of the higher and middle classes of society efficient in the demand for material products.

न तो चंद्रमा पृथ्वी के चारों ओर अपनी कक्षा में बना रहता है और न ही पृथ्वी सूर्य के चारों ओर अपनी कक्षा में, किसी ऐसे बल के कारण जो केवल दूरियों के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती वर्ग के अनुसार बदलता है।

The moon is not kept in her orbit round the earth, nor the earth in her orbit round the sun, by a force that varies merely in the inverse ratio of the squares of the distances.

The moon is not kept in her orbit round the earth, nor the earth in her orbit round the sun, by a force that varies merely in the inverse ratio of the squares of the distances.

मनुष्यों को अपना या अपने परिवार का भरण-पोषण करने के लिए जो प्रयास करने पड़ते हैं, वे अक्सर उन क्षमताओं को जगा देते हैं जो अन्यथा हमेशा के लिए सुप्त पड़ी रहती थीं, और यह आमतौर पर देखा गया है कि नई और असाधारण परिस्थितियां आमतौर पर ऐसे मस्तिष्कों का निर्माण करती हैं जो उनके सामने आने वाली कठिनाइयों से निपटने में सक्षम होते हैं।

The exertions that men find it necessary to make, in order to support themselves or families, frequently awaken faculties that might otherwise have lain for ever dormant, and it has been commonly remarked that new and extraordinary situations generally create minds adequate to grapple with the difficulties in which they are involved.

The exertions that men find it necessary to make, in order to support themselves or families, frequently awaken faculties that might otherwise have lain for ever dormant, and it has been commonly remarked that new and extraordinary situations generally create minds adequate to grapple with the difficulties in which they are involved.

यदि मैं देखूँ कि किसी व्यक्ति को बार-बार शराब का गिलास दिया जा रहा है और वह उस पर ध्यान नहीं देता, तो मैं यह सोचने लगूँगा कि वह अंधा है या असभ्य। एक अधिक न्यायसंगत दर्शन मुझे यह सोचने के लिए प्रेरित कर सकता है कि मेरी आँखें मुझे धोखा दे रही थीं, और वह प्रस्ताव वास्तव में वह नहीं था जैसा मैंने समझा था।

If I saw a glass of wine repeatedly presented to a man, and he took no notice of it, I should be apt to think that he was blind or uncivil. A juster philosophy might teach me rather to think that my eyes deceived me, and that the offer was not really what I conceived it to be.

If I saw a glass of wine repeatedly presented to a man, and he took no notice of it, I should be apt to think that he was blind or uncivil. A juster philosophy might teach me rather to think that my eyes deceived me, and that the offer was not really what I conceived it to be.

गरीबों को साफ-सफाई की सलाह देने के बजाय, हमें इसके उलट आदतें डालनी चाहिए। हमारे शहरों में गलियां और संकरी होनी चाहिए, घरों में और ज्यादा लोगों को ठूंस-ठूंस कर भरना चाहिए, और महामारी के लौटने का बुलावा देना चाहिए।

Instead of recommending cleanliness to the poor, we should encourage contrary habits. In our towns we should make the streets narrower, crowd more people into the houses, and court the return of the plague.

Instead of recommending cleanliness to the poor, we should encourage contrary habits. In our towns we should make the streets narrower, crowd more people into the houses, and court the return of the plague.

दुनिया की आबादी उपलब्ध खाद्य आपूर्ति की तुलना में कहीं अधिक तेज़ी से बढ़ेगी।

The world's population will multiply more rapidly than the available food supply.

The world's population will multiply more rapidly than the available food supply.

अगर आबादी पर रोक न लगाई जाए, तो यह ज्यामितीय अनुपात (गणितीय रूप से कई गुना) से बढ़ती है। वहीं, जीवनयापन के साधन केवल अंकगणितीय अनुपात में ही बढ़ते हैं। अंकों की थोड़ी सी भी समझ रखने वाला व्यक्ति दोनों की ताकतों के बीच के इस भारी अंतर को साफ़ देख सकता है।

Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio. A slight acquaintance with numbers will shew the immensity of the first power in comparison of the second.

Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio. A slight acquaintance with numbers will shew the immensity of the first power in comparison of the second.

दुनिया में बुराई इसलिए मौजूद नहीं है कि हम निराश हो जाएं, बल्कि इसलिए है ताकि हम सक्रिय रहें।

Evil exists in the world not to create despair but activity.

Evil exists in the world not to create despair but activity.

प्रकृति खुद भारी गरीबी, खराब मौसम या कम फसल के समय, कुछ देशों या जातियों की आबादी को नियंत्रित करने के लिए दखल देती है; और यकीन मानिए, उसका यह तरीका जितना बुद्धिमान होता है, उतना ही क्रूर भी।

Nature herself in times of great poverty or bad climatic conditions, as well as poor harvest, intervenes to restrict the increase of population of certain countries or races; this, to be sure, by a method as wise as it is ruthless.

Nature herself in times of great poverty or bad climatic conditions, as well as poor harvest, intervenes to restrict the increase of population of certain countries or races; this, to be sure, by a method as wise as it is ruthless.

मुझे लगता है कि यह बात साबित होगी कि अनुभव, जो कि समस्त ज्ञान का सच्चा स्रोत और आधार है, हमेशा इस सच्चाई की पुष्टि करता है।

I think it will be found that experience, the true source and foundation of all knowledge, invariably confirms its truth.

I think it will be found that experience, the true source and foundation of all knowledge, invariably confirms its truth.

कम उम्र में शादी का चलन बढ़ने से जो अतिरिक्त आबादी पैदा होती है, उस पर कभी-कभार पड़ने वाले अकालों और बच्चों को छोड़ देने की प्रथा के ज़रिए लगाम लगती है, और संकट के समय शायद ऐसी घटनाएं यूरोप के लोगों के सामने स्वीकार किए जाने से कहीं ज़्यादा होती हैं।

The redundant population, necessarily occasioned by the prevalence of early marriages, must be repressed by occasional famines, and by the custom of exposing children, which, in times of distress, is probably more frequent than is ever acknowledged to Europeans.

The redundant population, necessarily occasioned by the prevalence of early marriages, must be repressed by occasional famines, and by the custom of exposing children, which, in times of distress, is probably more frequent than is ever acknowledged to Europeans.

मनुष्य के पेट भरने के लिए अनाज पैदा करने की धरती की क्षमता के मुकाबले, आबादी बढ़ने की ताकत अनगिनत गुना ज़्यादा है।

The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man.

The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man.