ट्रांसकॉन्टिनेंटल रेलरोड एक्ट एक महाद्वीपीय साझा बाज़ार बनाने की दिशा में पहला कदम है।
The Transcontinental Railroad Act is the first step in creating a continental common market.
The Transcontinental Railroad Act is the first step in creating a continental common market.
'द टाइकून' (गृहयुद्ध के बाद के विकास पर आधारित किताब) पूरा करने के बाद मुझे एहसास हुआ कि मुझे सदी के पहले आधे हिस्से के बारे में कितनी कम जानकारी थी, जबकि ज़ाहिर है कि उस दौरान अभूतपूर्व विकास हुआ था। इसलिए मैंने इस पर किताब लिखने का मन बनाने से पहले दो साल तक इसके बारे में पढ़ा और सोचा-विचार किया।
After I finished the Tycoons - on post-Civil War development - I realized how much I didn't know about the first half of the century, even though there had obviously been an enormous amount of development, so I read about and thought about that for a couple of years before I decided I was ready for a book.
After I finished the Tycoons - on post-Civil War development - I realized how much I didn't know about the first half of the century, even though there had obviously been an enormous amount of development, so I read about and thought about that for a couple of years before I decided I was ready for a book.
18वीं शताब्दी के मानकों के अनुसार, वे [ग्रेट ब्रिटेन] सबसे स्वतंत्र, सबसे गतिशील, और परंपरा तथा सत्ता को चुनौती देने के लिए सबसे अधिक तैयार लोग थे। वहाँ मज़दूरी सबसे ज़्यादा थी, जीवन स्तर सबसे ऊँचा था, और शायद किसी भी अन्य देश की तुलना में वहाँ की जनता और सरकार के बीच जुड़ाव सबसे गहरा था। फिर संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका ने उन्हीं खूबियों को चरम सीमा तक पहुँचा दिया, और अचानक ब्रिटिश लोग दानुशी (रूढ़िवादी) और परंपराओं से बंधे हुए प्रतीत होने लगे।
By 18th century standards, they [Great Britain] were the freest, most dynamic, most willing to challenge tradition and authority. They had the highest wages and highest living standard, and probably the most engagement between the populace and the government of any country. Then the United States took those same qualities to the nth degree, and the British were suddenly appeared stodgy and tradition-bound.
By 18th century standards, they [Great Britain] were the freest, most dynamic, most willing to challenge tradition and authority. They had the highest wages and highest living standard, and probably the most engagement between the populace and the government of any country. Then the United States took those same qualities to the nth degree, and the British were suddenly appeared stodgy and tradition-bound.
बिजनेस स्कूल आम तौर पर उन विषयों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हैं जो ब्लैकबोर्ड पर पढ़ाने के लिए उपयुक्त होते हैं, इसलिए वे संगठन (ऑर्गनाइजेशन) और वित्त (फाइनेंस) पर ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा ज़ोर देते हैं। हाल ही के समय तक, उन्होंने विनिर्माण (मैन्युफैक्चरिंग) को लगभग पूरी तरह से नज़रअंदाज किया है। मुझे लगता है कि 1970 और 1980 के दशक की, और अब हाल ही में 2000 के दशक की कई समस्याओं की जड़ें सीधे तौर पर बिजनेस स्कूलों के इसी पूर्वाग्रह में खोजी जा सकती हैं।
Business schools tend to focus on topics that are suitable to blackboards, so they overemphasize organization and finance. Until very recently, they virtually ignored manufacturing. I think of lot of the troubles of the 1970s and 1980s, and now more recently the 2000s can be traced pretty directly to the biases of the business schools.
Business schools tend to focus on topics that are suitable to blackboards, so they overemphasize organization and finance. Until very recently, they virtually ignored manufacturing. I think of lot of the troubles of the 1970s and 1980s, and now more recently the 2000s can be traced pretty directly to the biases of the business schools.
मेरी गर्दन में बहुत गठिया (अर्थराइटिस) है जिससे मैं उसे झटके से नहीं मोड़ सकता। हालाँकि, इस लेखन प्रक्रिया के दौरान मेरे दृष्टिकोण में जो सबसे बड़ा बदलाव आया, वह था सिनसिनाटी के प्रतीक के रूप में "पश्चिम" (West) का अत्यधिक महत्व।
My neck is too arthritic to snap around. The big shift in my perspective that happened in the writing process, however, was the paramount importance of the "West" epitomized by Cincinnati.
My neck is too arthritic to snap around. The big shift in my perspective that happened in the writing process, however, was the paramount importance of the "West" epitomized by Cincinnati.
हमने यह साबित करके दिखाया कि जब उद्यमियों का एक समूह प्रचुर संसाधनों वाले किसी वीरान देश में बसता है, तो वे क्या कुछ हासिल कर सकते हैं। चीन की आबादी एक अरब से ज़्यादा है और वहाँ पानी खत्म हो रहा है। यकीनन यह एक ज़्यादा कठिन समस्या है।
We demonstrated what you could do when a band of entrepreneurs settles an empty country with vast resources. The Chinese have a billion people and are running out of water. Tougher problem for sure.
We demonstrated what you could do when a band of entrepreneurs settles an empty country with vast resources. The Chinese have a billion people and are running out of water. Tougher problem for sure.
मेरा अनुमान है कि इसके लिए ज़रूरी है कि आबादी के एक बहुत बड़े हिस्से के मन में पहले मध्यम वर्ग की सोच आनी चाहिए। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहायता के अनुभव ने कई बार यह साबित किया है कि सिर्फ रेलवे लाइनें बिछा देने भर से बात नहीं बनती। आपको ऐसे लोगों की ज़रूरत होती है जो उनके खिलाफ कानूनी लड़ाई लड़ने के लिए तैयार हों।
I would speculate that a critical mass of the population has to internalize a middle class outlook first. International aid experience has demonstrated many times that just building railroads doesn't get you there. You need people ready to sue them.
I would speculate that a critical mass of the population has to internalize a middle class outlook first. International aid experience has demonstrated many times that just building railroads doesn't get you there. You need people ready to sue them.
यह विकास हमेशा बड़े पैमाने और गति की ओर रहा है। अन्य देशों ने यहाँ-वहाँ ऐसा किया - जैसे ब्रिटेन ने कपड़ा उद्योग में, जर्मनी ने इस्पात में - लेकिन हमने लगभग हर क्षेत्र में इसी दिशा में कदम बढ़ाया।
The evolution was always to greater scale and speed. Other countries did that here and there - GB in textiles, Germany in steel - but we went in that direction almost across the board.
The evolution was always to greater scale and speed. Other countries did that here and there - GB in textiles, Germany in steel - but we went in that direction almost across the board.
व्हिटनी एक सक्षम निर्माता साबित हुए, लेकिन वह किसी भी महत्वपूर्ण अर्थ में कोई मौलिक आविष्कारक नहीं थे। थॉमस ब्लैंचर्ड एक सच्चे प्रतिभाशाली व्यक्ति थे: उनकी स्टॉक बनाने वाली मशीन औद्योगिक प्रोफाइलिंग की सभी मशीनों की जननी थी, जैसे कि 1870 के दशक की यूनिवर्सल मिलिंग मशीन, जो मशीनिंग तकनीक में अमेरिका का विशेष योगदान थी। उस समय तक, अंग्रेजों ने भी मान लिया था कि मशीनरी में नवाचार का केंद्र अमेरिका में स्थानांतरित हो चुका है।
Whitney proved to be a competent manufacturer, but wasn't an original inventor to any important degree. Thomas Blanchard was a true genius: his stock making machine was the daddy of all the industrial profiling machinery, like the 1870s universal milling machine, that was the especial American contribution to machining technology. By that time, the British conceded that machinery innovation had shifted to America.
Whitney proved to be a competent manufacturer, but wasn't an original inventor to any important degree. Thomas Blanchard was a true genius: his stock making machine was the daddy of all the industrial profiling machinery, like the 1870s universal milling machine, that was the especial American contribution to machining technology. By that time, the British conceded that machinery innovation had shifted to America.
शायद इसे दोहराया न जा सके: किसी विकासशील देश के लिए सबसे कठिन बदलावों में से एक है, मध्यम वर्ग के दर्जे तक पहुँचना। सरकारों को नियंत्रण छोड़ना पड़ता है, लोग अपनी मर्ज़ी से जीने की जिद करने लगते हैं, आदि।
It may not be replicable: One of the hardest transition that a developing country can make is the transition to middle-class status. Governments have to let go, people start insisting on following their own lights, etc.
It may not be replicable: One of the hardest transition that a developing country can make is the transition to middle-class status. Governments have to let go, people start insisting on following their own lights, etc.
प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर आधारित उद्योग के विकास का एक तय पैटर्न रहा है - मांस पैकिंग, चर्बी (लार्ड), लकड़ी, लोहा और कोयला, अनाज। सिनसिनाटी के चर्बी (लार्ड) प्रसंस्करण संयंत्र जॉन डी. रॉकफेलर की तेल रिफाइनरियों से काफी मिलते-जुलते थे जो इसके तीस साल बाद आई थीं।
The paradigm of the development of natural resource-based industry - meatpacking, lard, timber, iron and coal, grain. Cincinnati's lard processing plants looked a lot like JDR's oil refineries thirty years later.
The paradigm of the development of natural resource-based industry - meatpacking, lard, timber, iron and coal, grain. Cincinnati's lard processing plants looked a lot like JDR's oil refineries thirty years later.
जॉन डी. रॉकफेलर निश्चित रूप से ऐसे पहले व्यक्ति थे जिन्होंने कोई ऐसा उपभोक्ता उत्पाद बनाया जो सचमुच पूरी दुनिया में बेचा गया था। वे नीले रंग के 5-गैलन के डिब्बे दुनिया के सबसे दूर-दराज के कोनों में भी दिखाई देते थे।
John D. Rockefeller was certainly the first to create a consumer product that was sold literally throughout the entire world. Those blue 5-gallon cans showed up in some of the remotest parts of the world.
John D. Rockefeller was certainly the first to create a consumer product that was sold literally throughout the entire world. Those blue 5-gallon cans showed up in some of the remotest parts of the world.
मुझे [फ्रांसेस ट्रोलोप] बेहद पसंद हैं, यहाँ तक कि उनके पूर्वाग्रहों और अड़ियल स्वभाव के साथ भी। किसी लेखक के लिए यह एक वरदान की तरह होता है कि उसे एक ऐसा मज़ाकिया, तीक्ष्ण और समझदार समकालीन पर्यवेक्षक मिल जाए, जिसके लिए विषय-वस्तु उतनी ही अलग और पराई हो, और जिसे समझने में उसे उतनी ही मशक्कत करनी पड़ी हो, जितनी मुझे करनी पड़ी थी।
I find her [Frances Trollope] simply delightful, even in her prejudices and cantankerousness. It is a gift to an author to find a funny, wry, perceptive contemporary observer to whom the subject matter seems almost as different and alien, and requiring as much struggling to understand, as it did to me.
I find her [Frances Trollope] simply delightful, even in her prejudices and cantankerousness. It is a gift to an author to find a funny, wry, perceptive contemporary observer to whom the subject matter seems almost as different and alien, and requiring as much struggling to understand, as it did to me.
मैं चीन में इतनी बार रहा हूँ कि इतना तो जानता ही हूँ कि जब तक आप चीनी भाषा न बोलते हों और वहाँ बीस साल न रहे हों, तब तक आपको उस पर अपनी राय नहीं रखनी चाहिए। उस आखिरी अध्याय में मैं कोई चीन विशेषज्ञ होने का दिखावा नहीं कर रहा था। मैं तो बस, एक तरफ चीन के हमारे प्रति व्यवहार और जब हम विकास के उसी चरण में थे तब ग्रेट ब्रिटेन के प्रति हमारे व्यवहार के बीच की समानताओं को, और दूसरी तरफ यह बताया है कि उनका विकास मार्ग हमारे मुकाबले कितना अधिक कठिन है।
I've been in China enough to know that you shouldn't opine on it unless you speak Chinese and have lived there for twenty years. I wasn't pretending to be a China expert in that final chapter. I was just pointing, first to the parallels between Chinese behavior toward us and ours toward GB when we were at the same stage of development, and secondly to how much harder their development path is than ours was.
I've been in China enough to know that you shouldn't opine on it unless you speak Chinese and have lived there for twenty years. I wasn't pretending to be a China expert in that final chapter. I was just pointing, first to the parallels between Chinese behavior toward us and ours toward GB when we were at the same stage of development, and secondly to how much harder their development path is than ours was.
यह स्पष्ट है कि नॉर्थ ने उस दिशा में कुछ बुनियादी कदम उठाए थे, लेकिन हॉल का तरीका शायद सबसे संपूर्ण था और उन्हें ही इसका सबसे ज़्यादा श्रेय मिलना चाहिए। लेकिन दुर्भाग्य से हॉल के मामले में सारे आंकड़े केवल अनुमान पर आधारित हैं - कि लोगों ने क्या कहा था। उनकी बनाई हुई एक भी मशीन नहीं बची। उनके सारे पेटेंट पेटेंट कार्यालय की आग में जलकर नष्ट हो गए।
It's clear that North took some original steps in that direction, but Hall probably had the most complete approach and should get the most credit. But for Hall, unfortunately, the data are all impressionistic - what people said. None of his machinery survived. His patents were all lost in the Patent Office fire.
It's clear that North took some original steps in that direction, but Hall probably had the most complete approach and should get the most credit. But for Hall, unfortunately, the data are all impressionistic - what people said. None of his machinery survived. His patents were all lost in the Patent Office fire.
अमेरिका की शुरुआत से ही एक मध्यमवर्गीय समाज था—वहाँ सबसे पहले इंग्लैंड से अत्यधिक महत्वाकांक्षी लोग आए थे। वहाँ न तो कोई निहित स्वार्थ थे, न कोई पद-श्रेणियाँ और न ही कोई वर्ग; वह एक बहुत ही कम आबादी वाली जगह थी जहाँ असीमित प्राकृतिक संसाधन मौजूद थे—एक तरह से बिल्कुल मुफ्त—और अगर आप असफल भी हो जाते, तो आपके पास हमेशा नए सिरे से शुरुआत करने का मौका होता था।
merica was middle-class for the very start - the people who came first were hyper-strivers from England. There were no vested interests, no ranks, no classes, it was very lightly populated, there were unlimited natural resources - for free essentially - if you failed, you could always start over.
merica was middle-class for the very start - the people who came first were hyper-strivers from England. There were no vested interests, no ranks, no classes, it was very lightly populated, there were unlimited natural resources - for free essentially - if you failed, you could always start over.
हम अचानक बड़े हो रहे थे, चारों तरफ हमारी क्षमताएँ तेजी से बढ़ रही थीं, लेकिन हम काफी अनाड़ी भी थे। हमें यह तो एहसास था कि हम किसी अनजान सफर पर हैं और चीजें बहुत तेजी से बदल रही हैं, पर असल में क्या हो रहा है, इस बारे में हमें बहुत कम अंदाजा था।
We were suddenly getting big, with burgeoning capabilities on all sides, but very clumsy, knew we were on some kind of ride, and things changing fast, but with very little idea of what was going on.
We were suddenly getting big, with burgeoning capabilities on all sides, but very clumsy, knew we were on some kind of ride, and things changing fast, but with very little idea of what was going on.
मैं [MBA कार्यक्रमों] के आलोचकों में से एक रहा हूँ। बिजनेस स्कूलों में मैंने जो कुछ भी देखा है, वह काफी हद तक अवैज्ञानिक और कमजोर है। पसंदीदा नारों को साबित करने के लिए किस्सा-कहानियों को खींच-तान कर पेश किया जाता है। उनकी सफलता के प्रमाण भी ऐसे ही सुनी-सुनाई बातों पर आधारित होते हैं।
I've been among their critics [MBA programs]. Much of what I've seen in business schools is quite non-rigorous. Anecdotal histories are stretched to illustrate favored slogans. Evidence of their effectiveness is similarly anecdotal.
I've been among their critics [MBA programs]. Much of what I've seen in business schools is quite non-rigorous. Anecdotal histories are stretched to illustrate favored slogans. Evidence of their effectiveness is similarly anecdotal.
इस बारे में खुलकर बहुत ज्यादा बात नहीं होती थी, इस अर्थ में कि लोग भले ही यह कहते हों कि वे ब्रिटेन को इस या उस मामले में हराना चाहते हैं, फिर भी प्रेस की टिप्पणियों में अक्सर दबी जुबान से तुलना की जाती थी। और यह बात भी बहुत जल्दी साफ हो गई थी कि अमेरिका और ब्रिटेन जैसी तकनीकी गहराई और उद्योग का विकास कोई दूसरा देश नहीं कर रहा था।
It wasn't openly talked about very much, in the sense that people said they wanted to beat GB at this or that, but there would however be sidelong comparisons frequently in press commentary. And it was also pretty quickly obvious that no other countries were developing the kind of technological depth of industry as were the US and the UK.
It wasn't openly talked about very much, in the sense that people said they wanted to beat GB at this or that, but there would however be sidelong comparisons frequently in press commentary. And it was also pretty quickly obvious that no other countries were developing the kind of technological depth of industry as were the US and the UK.
लगभग हर क्षेत्र में बड़े पैमाने पर काम करने की होड़ लगी हुई थी। अंग्रेजों ने जहाज निर्माण और कुछ अन्य उद्योगों में बहुत बड़े पैमाने पर काम किया था। गृह युद्ध के बाद उनके इस्पात कारखाने हमारे कारखानों से कहीं बड़े और अधिक उन्नत थे, लेकिन 80 के दशक के मध्य तक हम उन्हें पीछे छोड़ते हुए बहुत आगे निकल चुके थे।
The drive to scale in almost every endeavor. The British went very large scale in ship building and a few other industries. Their steel plants were bigger and much more advanced than ours after the Civil War, but we had blown past them by the mid-80s.
The drive to scale in almost every endeavor. The British went very large scale in ship building and a few other industries. Their steel plants were bigger and much more advanced than ours after the Civil War, but we had blown past them by the mid-80s.
पंजीकरण के तौर पर मात्र कुछ ही डॉलर देकर, आपको जमीन का एक बेहतरीन टुकड़ा थोड़े समय के लिए मिल जाता था। उस पर पाँच साल तक रहिए, एक घर बनाइए और खेती कीजिए, और वह जमीन आपकी हो गई। क्या शानदार आर्थिक प्रोत्साहन था वह!
For just a few dollars registration, you got temporary possession of a good piece of land. Live on it for five years, build a house, and farm it, and it was yours. What a brilliant economic stimulus!
For just a few dollars registration, you got temporary possession of a good piece of land. Live on it for five years, build a house, and farm it, and it was yours. What a brilliant economic stimulus!
1812 का युद्ध शायद अमेरिकी युद्धों में सबसे कम याद किया जाने वाला युद्ध है क्योंकि इसे दोनों पक्षों द्वारा बेहद लापरवाही और भद्दे तरीके से लड़ा गया था।
The War of 1812 perhaps the least remembered of American wars because it was fought in such a left-handed slapdash manner on both sides.
The War of 1812 perhaps the least remembered of American wars because it was fought in such a left-handed slapdash manner on both sides.
मुझे लगता है कि यह ब्रिटेन के साथ मानसिक रूप से पूरी तरह से नाता तोड़ने का अवसर था, एक ऐसे तरीके से जो उस तारीख तक स्पष्ट रूप से नहीं हुआ था, खासकर न्यू इंग्लैंड में और कुछ हद तक दक्षिण में भी।
I think it was the occasion of the final psychological break with Great Britain, in a way that had clearly not happened to that date, especially in New England and to som degree in the South.
I think it was the occasion of the final psychological break with Great Britain, in a way that had clearly not happened to that date, especially in New England and to som degree in the South.
सैन्य शक्ति अक्सर आर्थिक शक्ति का परिणाम होती है, और ब्रिटिश नौसेना साम्राज्यवादी प्रभाव स्थापित करने के लिए सबसे जरूरी ताकत थी—जो ब्रिटिश विनिर्माण के वर्चस्व के लिए कच्चे माल की आपूर्ति करने के अनुकूल थी। इस प्रकार ये दोनों एक-दूसरे को मजबूत करते थे।
Military power tends to be a function of economic power, and the British Navy was the essential capability for establishing the imperial sway - which was attuned to furnish the raw materials for the British manufacturing ascendance. So they were mutually reinforcing.
Military power tends to be a function of economic power, and the British Navy was the essential capability for establishing the imperial sway - which was attuned to furnish the raw materials for the British manufacturing ascendance. So they were mutually reinforcing.
क्रेडिट वित्तीय बाजारों के लिए ऑक्सीजन की तरह है, और जब यह हवा ही जहरीली हो जाए, तो छिपने के लिए कोई जगह नहीं बचती।
Credit is the air that financial markets breathe, and when the air is poisoned, there's no place to hide.
Credit is the air that financial markets breathe, and when the air is poisoned, there's no place to hide.