अर्थ का निर्माण कोड और उसके क्रियान्वयन (execution) के बीच के तालमेल से, तथा दुनिया की अंतर्निहित सुसंबद्ध संरचना और उसकी गतिशीलता से होता है।

Meaning comes from the correspondence between the code and its execution, and the compact underlying structure of the world and its dynamics.

Meaning comes from the correspondence between the code and its execution, and the compact underlying structure of the world and its dynamics.

Topic Nature & Universe Technology
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

दिमाग विकसित हुआ एक कंप्यूटर प्रोग्राम है।

The mind is an evolved computer program.

The mind is an evolved computer program.

Topic Technology Artificial Intelligence Nature & Universe
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Observation 95%

यदि भारी तत्वों के कुछ परमाणु गुण थोड़े से भी अलग होते, तो शायद परमाणु बम बनाना असंभव होता।

If some nuclear properties of the heavy elements had been a little different from what they turned out to be, it might have been impossible to build a bomb.

If some nuclear properties of the heavy elements had been a little different from what they turned out to be, it might have been impossible to build a bomb.

Topic Nature & Universe Universe
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Thought-provoking 95%

यदि आपके पास इस बात का प्रमाण है कि C1, E का एक कारण है, और इस बात का कोई प्रमाण नहीं है कि C2 भी E का कारण है, तो C1, E की तुलना में C1 और C2 से बेहतर स्पष्टीकरण प्रतीत होता है, क्योंकि C1 अधिक सरल और तार्किक है। ओकाम के उस्तरे (Ockham's razor) के जिस रूप का उपयोग यहाँ किया गया है, उसे मैं "मौन का उस्तरा" कहता हूँ। E का बेहतर स्पष्टीकरण C2 के बारे में चुप रहता है; यह इस बात से इनकार नहीं करता कि C2 एक कारण था। यदि आप दो संयुक्त परिकल्पनाओं पर विचार करते हैं तो समस्या बदल जाती है।

If you have evidence that C1 is a cause of E, and no evidence as to whether C2 is also a cause of E, then C1 seems to be a better explanation of E than C1&C2 is, since C1 is more parsimonious. I call the version of Ockham's razor used here "the razor of silence." The better explanation of E is silent about C2; it does not deny that C2 was a cause. The problem changes if you consider two conjunctive hypotheses.

If you have evidence that C1 is a cause of E, and no evidence as to whether C2 is also a cause of E, then C1 seems to be a better explanation of E than C1&C2 is, since C1 is more parsimonious. I call the version of Ockham's razor used here "the razor of silence." The better explanation of E is silent about C2; it does not deny that C2 was a cause. The problem changes if you consider two conjunctive hypotheses.

Topic Knowledge & Learning Critical Thinking
Tone: Wise Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

ईश्वरवाद (डीइज़्म) विकासवादी सिद्धांत के साथ पूरी तरह मेल खाता है।

Deism is compatible with evolutionary theory.

Deism is compatible with evolutionary theory.

Topic Spirituality & Morality Religion
Tone: Neutral Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

यह वैचारिक रूप से एक आवश्यक सत्य हो सकता है कि दर्द, दर्दनाक होता है, और इसके बावजूद यह इस भौतिकवादी थीसिस को खारिज नहीं करता कि अमूर्त मन असंभव है या यह थीसिस कि चेतना की अवस्थाएं भौतिक अवस्थाओं पर आधारित (सुपरवीन) होती हैं। इन दावों में शामिल अनिवार्यता नियम-आधारित (नामोलॉजिकल) अनिवार्यता है, न कि तात्विक अनिवार्यता (यह मानते हुए कि ये दोनों अलग हैं)।

It can be a necessary conceptual truth that pains are painful without this ruling out the physicalist thesis that immaterial minds are impossible or the thesis that conscious states supervene on physical states. The necessity involved in these claims is nomological necessity, not metaphysical necessity (assuming that these are different).

It can be a necessary conceptual truth that pains are painful without this ruling out the physicalist thesis that immaterial minds are impossible or the thesis that conscious states supervene on physical states. The necessity involved in these claims is nomological necessity, not metaphysical necessity (assuming that these are different).

Topic Knowledge & Learning Philosophy
Tone: Serious Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

अपरिहार्यता तर्क (मोटे तौर पर) यह कहता है कि यदि आपके पास किसी ऐसे अनुभवजन्य वैज्ञानिक सिद्धांत को स्वीकार करने के पर्याप्त कारण हैं जो गणित का अनिवार्य रूप से उपयोग करता है, और वह सिद्धांत यह निहित करता है कि संख्याओं का अस्तित्व है, तो आपके पास यह स्वीकार करने के पर्याप्त कारण हैं कि संख्याओं का अस्तित्व है। इस तर्क की सबसे दिलचस्प बात यह है कि यह ऐसा प्रतीत होता है जैसे यह साबित कर रहा हो कि किसी वैज्ञानिक सिद्धांत को स्वीकार करने के लिए जो अनुभवजन्य कारण पर्याप्त हैं, वे किसी तात्विक दावे को स्वीकार करने के लिए भी पर्याप्त हैं।

The indispensability argument says (roughly) that if you have ample reason to accept an empirical scientific theory that makes indispensable use of mathematics, and that theory entails that numbers exist, then you have ample reason to accept that numbers exist. The argument affirms the antecedent of this conditional, and concludes that you have ample reason to believe that numbers exist. What is striking about this argument is that it seems to show that the empirical reasons that suffice for accepting a scientific theory also suffice for accepting a metaphysical claim.

The indispensability argument says (roughly) that if you have ample reason to accept an empirical scientific theory that makes indispensable use of mathematics, and that theory entails that numbers exist, then you have ample reason to accept that numbers exist. The argument affirms the antecedent of this conditional, and concludes that you have ample reason to believe that numbers exist. What is striking about this argument is that it seems to show that the empirical reasons that suffice for accepting a scientific theory also suffice for accepting a metaphysical claim.

Topic Knowledge & Learning Philosophy
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

विधि संबंधी प्रकृतिवाद वैज्ञानिकों को सलाह देता है कि उन्हें अपने सिद्धांतों में क्या शामिल करना चाहिए। विधि संबंधी प्रकृतिवाद का एक दूसरा प्रकार भी है जो दार्शनिकों को सलाह देता है, जिसे मैं "विधि संबंधी प्रकृतिवाद-p" कहता हूँ। यह कहता है कि दार्शनिकों को दार्शनिक सिद्धांतों का मूल्यांकन करते समय केवल उन्हीं तरीकों का उपयोग करना चाहिए जो वैज्ञानिकों को वैज्ञानिक सिद्धांतों का मूल्यांकन करते समय उपयोग करने चाहिए।

Methodological naturalism gives advice to scientists about what they should include in their theories. There is a second type of methodological naturalism that gives advice to philosophers, which I call "methodological naturalismp." It says that the methods that philosophers should use in assessing philosophical theories are limited to the methods that scientists ought to use in assessing scientific theories.

Methodological naturalism gives advice to scientists about what they should include in their theories. There is a second type of methodological naturalism that gives advice to philosophers, which I call "methodological naturalismp." It says that the methods that philosophers should use in assessing philosophical theories are limited to the methods that scientists ought to use in assessing scientific theories.

Topic Knowledge & Learning Philosophy
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

मुझे लगता है कि कुछ "हस्तक्षेपवादी ईश्वर-वाद" (इंटरवेंशनिस्ट थीइज़्म) विकासवादी सिद्धांत के साथ संगत हैं। ("हस्तक्षेप" से मेरा मतलब यह नहीं है कि ईश्वर प्रकृति के नियमों का उल्लंघन करते हैं; मेरा मतलब है कि ईश्वर प्रकृति में होने वाली घटनाओं को उन तरीकों से प्रभावित करते हैं जो डीइज़्म (ईश्वरवादी दर्शन) द्वारा माने गए तरीकों के अलावा अतिरिक्त हैं।)

I think that some "interventionist theisms" are compatible with evolutionary theory. (By "intervention," I don't mean that God violates laws of nature; I mean that God affects what happens in nature in ways that are additional to the ones that deism recognizes.)

I think that some "interventionist theisms" are compatible with evolutionary theory. (By "intervention," I don't mean that God violates laws of nature; I mean that God affects what happens in nature in ways that are additional to the ones that deism recognizes.)

Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

उचित रूप से समझी जाए तो विकासवादी थ्योरी (उत्क्रांति सिद्धांत) इस विचार से टकराव नहीं रखती कि ईश्वर कभी-कभार प्रकृति में हस्तक्षेप करते हैं—उदाहरण के लिए, एक-दो बार किसी लाभकारी उत्परिवर्तन (म्यूटेशन) को घटित करवाकर। उत्परिवर्तन के बारे में जुटाए गए डेटा और सिद्धांतों के बावजूद जीवविज्ञानियों को ऐसा कोई हस्तक्षेप नजर नहीं आया है। फिर भी, मुझे लगता है कि यह उम्मीद करना गलत होगा कि जैविक प्रयोग इस तरह के इके-दुके दिव्य हस्तक्षेपों का पता लगा सकेंगी, खासकर तब जब वे घटनाएं दूर-दराज के अतीत में घटी हों। विज्ञान का काम इस क्षेत्र में नहीं है।

Evolutionary theory, properly understood, does not conflict with the idea that God occasionally intervenes in nature - for example, by once or twice causing a beneficial mutation to occur. Biologists have not detected any such interventions despite the data and theory they have assembled about mutation. However, I think it is a mistake to expect biological experiments to be able to detect such one-off acts of divine intervention, especially if those acts occurred in the distant past. Science isn't in that line of work.

Evolutionary theory, properly understood, does not conflict with the idea that God occasionally intervenes in nature - for example, by once or twice causing a beneficial mutation to occur. Biologists have not detected any such interventions despite the data and theory they have assembled about mutation. However, I think it is a mistake to expect biological experiments to be able to detect such one-off acts of divine intervention, especially if those acts occurred in the distant past. Science isn't in that line of work.

Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

ठीक उसी तरह जैसे पौधे ऐसी मिट्टी में नहीं उगते जिसमें उनकी वृद्धि के लिए जरूरी कोई तत्व न हो, वैसे ही रोगाणु—यानी ये सूक्ष्म पौधे जो संक्रामक बीमारी पैदा करते हैं—उस जीव में नहीं पनप सकते जो उन्हें उनकी जरूरत के सभी तत्व न दे।

In the same way that plants will not grow on soil that lacks some substance indispensable to their growth, so microbes, these microscopic plants which cause infectious disease, are unable to grow in an organism which does not give them all the substances they need.

In the same way that plants will not grow on soil that lacks some substance indispensable to their growth, so microbes, these microscopic plants which cause infectious disease, are unable to grow in an organism which does not give them all the substances they need.

Topic Health & Body Health
Tone: Wise Sentiment: Neutral Type: Scientific 95%

मुझे नहीं लगता कि किसी का तापमान बार-बार मापने से वह ठीक हो जाएगा।

I don't think if you take somebody's temperature a lot that will make them well.

I don't think if you take somebody's temperature a lot that will make them well.

Topic Health & Body Health
Tone: Cynical Sentiment: Negative Type: Observation 95%

किसी भी प्रजाति, जिसमें हम भी शामिल हैं, का कोई ऐसा उद्देश्य नहीं है जो उसके आनुवंशिक इतिहास की अनिवार्यताओं से परे हो।

No species, ours included, possesses a purpose beyond the imperatives created by its genetic history.

No species, ours included, possesses a purpose beyond the imperatives created by its genetic history.

Topic Society & World Human Nature
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Observation 95%

अब उन वैज्ञानिक और तकनीकी ताकतों के बीच मुकाबला छिड़ गया है जो हमारे रहने योग्य पर्यावरण को नष्ट कर रही हैं और उन ताकतों के बीच जो इसे बचाने के लिए काम में लाई जा सकती हैं। यदि यह मुकाबला जीत लिया जाता है, तो मानवता आज की तुलना में कहीं बेहतर स्थिति में उभर सकती है, और जीवन की अधिकांश विविधता भी सुरक्षित रह जाएगी।

The race is now on between the technoscientific and scientific forces that are destroying the living environment and those that can be harnessed to save it. . . . If the race is won, humanity can emerge in far better condition than when it entered, and with most of the diversity of life still intact.

The race is now on between the technoscientific and scientific forces that are destroying the living environment and those that can be harnessed to save it. . . . If the race is won, humanity can emerge in far better condition than when it entered, and with most of the diversity of life still intact.

Topic Nature & Universe Environment
Tone: Urgent Sentiment: Mixed Type: Warning 95%

मेरा झुकाव उस तरफ़ ज़्यादा है जिसे कुछ लोग साहित्यिक विज्ञान कथा (साइंस फ़िक्शन) कहते हैं, और मेरा मतलब इससे यह है कि ऐसी रचनाएँ दिलचस्प भाषा, प्रयोगों और नए विचारों से भरपूर होती हैं।

I tend more towards what some people call literary science fiction, but what I mean by that is that it is full of interesting language, experimentation, and ideas.

I tend more towards what some people call literary science fiction, but what I mean by that is that it is full of interesting language, experimentation, and ideas.

Topic Creativity & Expression Writing
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Positive Type: Reflection 95%

अगर ईश्वर का अस्तित्व है तो उन्हें किसी न किसी रूप में प्रकृति में प्रकट होना ही चाहिए, और विज्ञान उन्हीं के तौर-तरीकों की खोज कर रहा है।

If God exists He must be manifest somehow in matter, and His ways are what science is discovering.

If God exists He must be manifest somehow in matter, and His ways are what science is discovering.

Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Philosophical 95%

तबाही का डर दिखाकर कोई नया विकल्प सामने नहीं लाया जाता। ये डर तो तकनीक के प्रति निष्ठा की नई कसमें खाने का अवसर बन जाते हैं। इसका समाधान ऐसी नई तकनीकों की खोज करना है जो मौजूदा तकनीकों द्वारा संभावित रूप से या पहले ही पहुँचाए गए नुकसान को सुधार सकें और उसमें संशोधन कर सकें।

No new choices are introduced by raising the specter of disaster. These become opportunities for swearing new allegiance to technology. The solution is to discover new technologies that will correct and modify the harm either potentially or already caused by present technologies.

No new choices are introduced by raising the specter of disaster. These become opportunities for swearing new allegiance to technology. The solution is to discover new technologies that will correct and modify the harm either potentially or already caused by present technologies.

Topic Nature & Universe Technology
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Observation 95%

मुझे शिक्षा शास्त्र का कोई ऐसा प्रोफेसर दिखा दीजिए, खासकर ई-लर्निंग का कोई ऐसा प्रोफेसर जो भाषण देता हो, और मैं आपको एक ऐसा पाखंडी दिखा दूंगा जिसने कभी रिसर्च ही नहीं पढ़ी।

Show me a Professor of Education, especially a Professor of E-learning, who lectures, and I'll show you a hypocrite who doesn't read the research.

Show me a Professor of Education, especially a Professor of E-learning, who lectures, and I'll show you a hypocrite who doesn't read the research.

Topic Knowledge & Learning Education
Tone: Sarcastic Sentiment: Negative Type: Sarcastic 95%

मुझे लगता है कि अंतरिक्ष यात्रा प्रकृति का एक ऐसा नियम है जो तब लागू होता है जब कोई बुद्धिमान प्रजाति अपने गृह ग्रह के संसाधनों की सीमा पर पहुँच जाती है और उसने एक निश्चित तकनीकी स्तर हासिल कर लिया होता है... मुझे लगता है कि यह प्रजाति के विस्तार और उसके अस्तित्व को बनाए रखने के लिए हमारे भीतर मौजूद एक जन्मजात प्रवृत्ति है।

I think that space flight is a condition of Nature that comes into effect when an intelligent species reaches the saturation point of its planetary habitat combined with a certain level of technological ability... I think it is a built-in gene-directed drive for the spreading of the species and its continuation.

I think that space flight is a condition of Nature that comes into effect when an intelligent species reaches the saturation point of its planetary habitat combined with a certain level of technological ability... I think it is a built-in gene-directed drive for the spreading of the species and its continuation.

Topic Nature & Universe Universe
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Positive Type: Observation 95%

चिकित्सा से जुड़ी कई तस्वीरें और स्कैन मेरी अपनी ज़िंदगी से जुड़े हैं। मेरी ओपन हार्ट सर्जरी हो चुकी है, घुटने बदले जा चुके हैं, हियाटल हर्निया की समस्या रह चुकी है, वगैरह। जब भी आप सर्जरी के लिए जाते हैं, तो आपको जाँच और इमेजिंग की पूरी श्रृंखला से गुजरना पड़ता है। ज़ाहिर है, मैं करीब बीस सालों से इमेजिंग तकनीक पर शोध कर रहा हूँ। अगर आप सोचें, तो मेडिकल इमेजिंग असल में काफी नई चीज़ है। पहली बड़ी मेडिकल तस्वीर 1895 में एक्स-रे के रूप में आई थी। यह पहली बार था जब शरीर के अंदर की किसी भी चीज़ की तस्वीर मिल पाई थी

A lot of the medical imagery has to do with my own biography. I had open heart surgery, I had knee replacements, I had a hiatal hernia, etc. Every time you go for surgery, you get a whole spectrum of imaging. Of course, I've been doing research in imaging technology across the board for close to twenty years. When you think about it, medical imaging is actually quite new. The first major medical image was the x-ray in 1895. That was the first time you got imaging of anything that's in the bodily interior.

A lot of the medical imagery has to do with my own biography. I had open heart surgery, I had knee replacements, I had a hiatal hernia, etc. Every time you go for surgery, you get a whole spectrum of imaging. Of course, I've been doing research in imaging technology across the board for close to twenty years. When you think about it, medical imaging is actually quite new. The first major medical image was the x-ray in 1895. That was the first time you got imaging of anything that's in the bodily interior.

Topic Health & Body Health
Tone: Reflective Sentiment: Neutral Type: Reflection 95%
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